Chapter 7 pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of forming memories?

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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2
Q

Which stage of forming memories is this: input of information (from senses)?

A

encoding

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3
Q

Which stage of forming memories is this: maintenance of information?

A

storage

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4
Q

Which stage of forming memories is this: purpose is to delay decay, and form long lasting representations?

A

storage

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5
Q

Which stage of forming memories is this: involves sensory areas sending information to hippocampus?

A

storage

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6
Q

Which stage of forming memories is this: allows for memory to be recovered and used?

A

retrieval

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7
Q

Encoding is the input of information (from _______).

A

senses

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8
Q

________ is the input of information (from senses).

A

Encoding

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9
Q

An example of forming memories using computers:

The keyboard is the __________, the saving data on a hard disk is _________, and data on a monitor is ________.

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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10
Q

An example of forming memories using computers:

The __________ is the encoding, the _______ ____ __ _ ____ ____ is storage, and _____ __ _ ________ is retrieval.

A

keyboard
saving data on a hard disk
data on a monitor

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11
Q

involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

A

attention

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12
Q

attention is not only necessary for conscious perception, but also ______ for memory formation

A

critical

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13
Q

attention is not only necessary for conscious perception, but also critical for ________ _________

A

memory formation

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14
Q

attention is not only necessary for ________ _________, but also critical for memory formation

A

conscious perception

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15
Q

_______ _________ results in poorer memory representations, or reduction in what you are able to remember.

A

Divided attention

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16
Q

According to the levels of processing theory, deeper/more detailed __________ results in longer lasting memory

A

processing

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17
Q

What are the three levels of processing?

A
  1. shallow processing
  2. intermediate processing
  3. deep processing
18
Q

What is the difference between shallow, intermediate, and deep processing?

A
  1. Shallow processing- physical structure emphasized, basic feature noted
  2. Intermediate processing- phonemic encoding , one step up from shallow, emphasizes acoustic features
  3. deep processing- semantic encoding, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
19
Q

Which type of encoding is used in each processing level?

A

Shallow processing= structural encoding
Intermediate processing= phonemic encoding
Deep processing= semantic encoding

20
Q

What type of encoding is this: emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus?

A

structural encoding

21
Q

What type of encoding is this: emphasizes what a word sounds like?

A

phonemic encoding

22
Q

What type of encoding is this: emphasizes the meaning of verbal input?

A

semantic encoding

23
Q

What type of encoding is this: “is the word written in capital letters?”

A

structural encoding

24
Q

What type of encoding is this: “does the word rhyme with weight?”

A

phonemic encoding

25
Q

What type of encoding is this: “would the word fit in the sentence ‘He met a _____________ on the street?’”

A

semantic encoding

26
Q

What factors can enhance memory formation and storage?

A
  1. elaboration
  2. visual imagery
  3. motivation
27
Q

linking a stimulus to other existing information at time of encoding

A

elaboration

28
Q

thinking of a picture of the item you are trying to remember (easier for some things than others- “truth” vs “apple”)

A

visual imagery

29
Q

memory is enhanced when there is high motivation to remember something

A

motivation

30
Q

Memory passes through what 2 temporary storage stages of memory, before they reach long-term memory?

A

sensory memory and short-term memory

31
Q

What is the difference in the length of time sensory memory and short-term memory work?

A

Sensory memory, preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time (depending on the sense).
Short term memory, memory store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 sec.

32
Q

What are the two types of sensory memories?

A
  1. visual sensory memory

2. auditory sensory memory

33
Q

Visual sensory memory is also known as _______ memory.

A

iconic

34
Q

________ _______ memory is also known as iconic memory.

A

visual sensory

35
Q

________ _______ memory is also known as echoic memory.

A

auditory sensory

36
Q

Auditory sensory memory is also known as ______ memory.

A

echoic

37
Q

Information can be maintained for longer periods of time using _________

A

rehearsal

38
Q

At what stage of memory does rehearsal occur?

A

short-term memory

39
Q

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information

A

rehearsal

40
Q

Short-term memory can be disrupted by ______ or __________

A

decay

interference

41
Q

How can we get around memory capacity limits?

A

chunking- a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit