Exam #2 Short Answer pt. 1

Question 1

What is the difference between Pavlovian Conditioning and Operant Conditioning?

Answer 1

In Pavlovian Conditioning, a stimulus acquires the capacity to unnaturally evoke a response that was naturally evoked by another stimulus.
Pavlovian Conditioning also contains a US, UR, CS, & CR.
Operant Conditioning, is based on reinforcement.

Question 2

Who created Classical Conditioning & Operant Conditioning?

Answer 2

Pavlov created Classical Conditioning (aka Pavlovian Conditioning).
B.F. Skinner created Operant Conditioning.

Question 3

What are the stages of Pavlovian Conditioning, and what happens in each stage?

Answer 3

1. Acquisition-two things being paired together repeatedly
2. Extinction-the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
3. Spontaneous Recovery-a recovery of a conditioned response even though you’ve already extinguished it
4. Renewal Effect

Question 4

What are the stages of Operant Conditioning, and what happens in each stage?

Answer 4

1. Acquisition-shaping (gradual process)

2. Extinction-the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Question 5

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning when it comes to Acquisition?

Answer 5

1. classical conditioning: CS and US are paired, gradually resulting in CR
2. operant conditioning: Responding gradually increases because of reinforcement, possibly through shaping

Question 6

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning when it comes to Extinction?

Answer 6

1. classical conditioning: CS is presented alone until it no longer elicits CR
2. operant conditioning: responding gradually slows and stops after reinforcement is terminated

Question 7

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning when it comes to Stimulus generalization?

Answer 7

1. classical conditioning: CR is elicited by new stimulus that resembles original CS
2. operant conditioning: responding increases in the presence of new stimulus that resembles original discriminative stimulus

Question 8

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning when it comes to Stimulus discrimination?

Answer 8

1. classical conditioning: CR is not elicited by new stimulus that resembles original CS
2. operant conditioning: responding does not increase in the presence of new stimulus that resembles original discriminative stimulus

Question 9

____________ increases the likelihood of making a response.

____________ decreases the likelihood of making a response.

Answer 9

Reinforcement

Punishment

Question 10

Reinforcement ________ the likelihood of making a response.

Punishment ________ the likelihood of making a response.

Answer 10

increases

decreases

Question 11

Positive reinforcement (+):
the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a rewarding stimulus

Answer 11

providing

Question 12

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (+):
the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by providing a rewarding stimulus

Answer 12

Positive reinforcement

Question 13

_________ _____________ (-): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by taking away an aversive stimulus

Answer 13

Negative reinforcement

Question 14

Negative reinforcement (-): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by ______ _____ an aversive stimulus

Answer 14

taking away

Question 15

What are the two different types of negative reinforcement?

Answer 15

1. escape learning

2. avoidance learning

Question 16

What is the difference between escape learning and avoidance learning?

Answer 16

escape learning- learning a response that decreases or ends aversive stimulation
Avoidance learning- learning a response that prevents some aversive stimulation

Question 17

Is this escape learning or avoidance learning: “leaving a party where you were getting picked on. Now you consider escaping/ running away as viable solution for conflict”?

Answer 17

escape learning

Question 18

Is this escape learning or avoidance learning: “you’ve just learned that it’s started to pour rain on Tropicana and Paradise. You decided to wait to leave UNLV until the water has dried up to avoid water damage to your car” ?

Answer 18

avoidance learning

Question 19

Positive punishment (+): reduces the likelihood of making a response by _________/________ an aversive stimulus

Answer 19

providing/giving

Question 20

________ ___________ (+): reduces the likelihood of making a response by providing/giving an aversive stimulus

Answer 20

Positive punishment

Question 21

Negative punishment (-): reduces the likelihood of making a response by ________ a rewarding stimulus (i.e., like freedom, TV privileges)

Answer 21

removing

Question 22

________ ___________ (-): reduces the likelihood of making a response by removing a rewarding stimulus (i.e., like freedom, TV privileges)

Answer 22

Negative punishment

Question 23

Is this reinforcement or punishment, and is it positive or negative: “sending an adult to jail after getting charged with breaking and entering, and also grand larceny”?

Answer 23

negative punishment

Question 24

Is this reinforcement or punishment, and is it positive or negative: “sending a child to “time-out” after/ as they threw a tantrum”?

Answer 24

negative punishment

Question 25

Is this reinforcement or punishment, and is it positive or negative: “spanking a child after/as they threw a tantrum”?

Answer 25

positive punishment

Question 26

Is this reinforcement or punishment, and is it positive or negative: “rewarding a child for receiving a an excellent report card by taking away one of their mandatory weekly chores”?

Answer 26

negative reinforcement

Question 27

Is this reinforcement or punishment, and is it positive or negative: “reward a child with an ice cream cone after receiving an excellent report card”?

Answer 27

positive reinforcement

Question 28

what brain areas contribute to memory formation, and what does each one do?

Answer 28

1. hippocampus
2. Cortical area (medial temporal lobe)
   without 1. & 2. memory formation is near impossible
3. Basal ganglia- procedural learning

Question 29

What is the difference between the symptoms of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, and where brain damage occurs to cause this type of issue?

Answer 29

Anterograde amnesia:

- cannot lay down new memories (i.e., H.M.!)
- hippocampus is damaged

Retrograde amnesia

- can’t remember events pre-injury
- results from medical temporal lobe damage, and cortical damage

Question 30

What are the three main types of problems?

Answer 30

1. problems of inducing structure
2. problems of arrangement
3. problems of transformation

Question 31

Analogy problems are part of what types of main problem?

Answer 31

problems of inducing structure

Question 32

Series completions are part of what type of main problem?

Answer 32

problems of inducing structure

Question 33

Anagram problems are part of what type of main problem?

Answer 33

problems of arrangement

Question 34

Problem is to find the steps are part of what type of main problem?

Answer 34

problems of transformation

Question 35

Which type of main problem is this: discovering the relations among parts of the problem in order to solve it (i.e. numbers, words, symbols, ideas)?

Answer 35

problems of inducing structure

Question 36

Which type of main problem is this: where you must arrange the parts in a way that satisfies some criterion?

Answer 36

problems of arrangement

Question 37

Which type of main problem is this: involve carrying out a sequence of transformation in order to reach a specific goal?

Answer 37

problems of transformation