5 Classification of Bacteria

Question 1

Actin

Answer 1

short movement of vesicles
like city streets

(stress fibers)

Question 2

tubulin

Answer 2

further movement of vesicles
like highways

(flagella motility)

Question 3

actin and tubulin are…

Answer 3

polymers
directional (+/- sides), polar, multisubunit polymers

polymerization and depolymerization causes movement

Question 4

who has cytoskeleton

Answer 4

both proks and euks…

but proks don’t move vesicles like euks do

Question 5

why can’t proks get very big

Answer 5

they are dependent on diffusion

proks can get bigger because they can move stuff and thus don’t depend on diffusion

Question 6

Actin formation

Answer 6

formation has to do with stress

Question 7

Amino Fluoresence

Answer 7

localiaizing proteines due to interactions with antibodies

w. this stain, microbes appear bright against dark background
detect bacteria w.in cells
ineject bacteria, antibodies floruesce if they interact with the antigen, remove the antibodies and add to microscope of unknown bacteria. if it is the sam, tjhe flourescent antibodies will bind to the angitgens on the bacteria causing floursecence

Question 8

actin motility

Answer 8

crawling motion… actin gets together on one edge
polymerization of actin pushes on the sides of membrane, water enters, anchor proteins are dropped, repeat

push and anchor

• endocytosis… from surface to inside
• bacterial motility

Question 9

myosin

Answer 9

DOES NOT drive vesicle movement

Question 10

tubulin

Answer 10

looks disorganized, but is MORE organized

everything returns to a region near the nucleus

Question 11

Microtubule Organizing Center

Answer 11

center near nucleus to which everything returns
microtubules radiate from this region parallely
actin moves vesicles from one microtubule to another

Question 12

microtubules

Answer 12

all lead away from MTOC
like interstate highway system
don’t connect to MTOC, just get close to it

Question 13

Dyneins

Answer 13

cargo TOWARD nucleus
hydrolyze ATP
2 probes: attachm detach, wiggle, re-attach
grab and drag motion

Question 14

Kinesins

Answer 14

cargo move AWAY from nucleus
one end connected to cargo vesicle, one to microtubule
hydrolyze ATP
penguin walk: ROTATIONAL motion

Question 15

both dyneins and kinesins use…

Answer 15

ATP

both evolved seperately though

Question 16

Cila and Flagella

Answer 16

moved by axonemal dyneins
motors rotate only 1 way… turn and relax
corkscrew motion
composed of microtubules and plasma membranes

Question 17

bacterial flagella

Answer 17

push

work from behind

Question 18

eukaryotic flagella

Answer 18

pull

from the front

Question 19

Flagella

Answer 19

movement

a few long strucutres

Question 20

Cillia

Answer 20

many short strucutures

movement of cell or particles

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

chromosomes
histones
no protein synth hapens here (proteins imported from cytosol)
telomerase

Question 22

ER

Answer 22

membrane bound
contiguous w/ nuclear envelope 
proteins mature here
proteins to be secreted or inserted into membranes sent here 
contains lots of chaperones

Question 23

ER chaperones…

Answer 23

for protein folding

maturation process begins with folding?

Question 24

What is “outside”?

Answer 24

Outside, isider ER, inside Golgi, inside vesicles
like digestive tract, inverted balloon

whatever membrane wraps around…
if its seperated from cytosol, its probably “outside” (except nucleus)

Question 25

if a protein has a signal sequence…

Answer 25

it is sent to ER by ribosome

because it is going to be secreted

Question 26

Golgi Complex

Answer 26

glycosylation (adding sugars)… can add lots

part of protein maturation

Question 27

maturation…

Answer 27

not a linear process

may pass through a region of Golgi multiple times

Question 28

fold of Golgi…

Answer 28

is like a mini factory

checked for rightness and wrongness and may be sent back

Question 29

microtubules and maturation

Answer 29

they drive the movement!

Question 30

Endosomes and Lysosomes

Answer 30

take stuff from outside to inside cells

or the other way

Question 31

Endosomes

Answer 31

recycling: surface, in, back to surface
some fuse w/ lysosomes
Endocytosis: pino, phago

Question 32

Lysosomes

Answer 32

specialized vesicle
enzymes to break down food so that they can be transported into cytosol to feed cell
low pH
derived from Golgi

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

how archaea dealt w/ oxygen… captured a prok… this is how euks happened

respiration 
ATP synth 
2 membranes
cristea: folds in inner membrane 
come from mother
(70S ribsome, circ. chromosome)

Question 34

Vacuoles

Answer 34

contain water for storage.pumping
some have gas
plants and protozoa

Question 35

Chloroplasts

Answer 35

photosynthetic
3 membranes
70s ribosome
small circular
captured prok (likely)
Thylakoids: inc SA for photosynth

Question 36

naming

Answer 36

genus species

kinda works for bacteria… but harder bc binary fission instead of sexual reproduction