6: Classification and Review

Question 1

Neisseria meningitidis

Answer 1

meningitis
speticemia
HUMAN is resirvoir
1–40% nasal CARRIER rate only 0.1% develop disease
direct contact and droplets are transfer agents

daycare, dorms, army barracks
familial transmission doesnt cause disease
skin legions 6-8 hrs after infection
bloodstream and CNS

Question 2

taxonomy system developed by

Answer 2

Linnaeus

eukaryotes: visual and DNA
bacteria: old and new systems

Question 3

bacterial Taxonomy old way

Answer 3

staining and metabolism (Burguy’s index)

Question 4

bacterial taxonomy new way

Answer 4

DNA similarity

Question 5

why is taxonomy difficult in bacteria

Answer 5

1) binary fission… not sexual reproduction
2) HORIZONTAL gene transfer

no gamates made, just division. constant exchange of DNA

Question 6

pheonotype

Answer 6

physical traits you can see

Question 7

genotype

Answer 7

DNA sequencing

Question 8

sexual isolation

Answer 8

inability to produce viable young

ground squierls example… isolated by geography (even though they can have viable offspring)

Question 9

conundrum of bacteria

Answer 9

horizontal transfer of DNA

Question 10

what kind of bacteria evolved ability to infect humans more?

Answer 10

gram negative

Question 11

Bergey’s Method

Answer 11

mono-associate disease with microbe
used the tech we had in 1917 and so on:
-Morphology 
-Oxygen utilization 
- Biochem Tests
- Habitat
-Serology

Question 12

how to do Bergey’s method

Answer 12

MUST grow in PURE culture
difficult… only your bacteria and nothing else can grow

oxygen utelization
biochem test

Question 13

Habitat

Answer 13

where you find it

may be different species even if they are the same in the other tests

Question 14

biochem tests

Answer 14

genetic ability of bacteria to metabolize things for ex

differnt bio outcomes

Question 15

Serology

Answer 15

look at the immune response to the bacteria
Use immune system of the infected to characterize
speciation and SUBspeciation

association with bacteria helps to figure out treatment

Question 16

Dichotomus Keys

Answer 16

DIFFERNTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Y/N questions, lead to a species or cause of diseae

like 20 questions

MUST be able to differentiate… if all members of group pass the question isn’t useful

Question 17

differential diagnosis

Answer 17

diagnosis of diseases

Question 18

API strips

Answer 18

biochem tests
strips and test tubes... add bacteria and water
lots of tests run at the same time
reading color gives answers
compare the strips to a table

Question 19

VITEK 2 System of Identification

Answer 19

better and faster and expensiver
test 5,000 bacteria at a time… in 3 hrs
computerized, no human error in reading a table

Question 20

Mass spectroscopy

Answer 20

analyze proteins in bacteria
figure out species not outcome
analyze presence or absence of given protein

Question 21

Core Genome

Answer 21

genes shared by ALL strains

what MAKES you E. coli

Question 22

Pan Genome

Answer 22

genes that are different between straints are included
ALL GENES combined… both those in common and the different ones
All that E. Coli CAN be

Question 23

Core and Pan genome when you add the genome of another organism

Answer 23

Core genome is refined (shrinks)

Pan Genome is expanded

Question 24

Core and Pan genome… is there an upper limit?

Answer 24

add more… core shrinks until it gets to a constant
pan genome increases and plateaus
this makes it hard to define a species… everything has stuff in common and tons of stuff not in common

Question 25

Whats easier for speciation? DNA sequencing or Bergy’s (+/-)?

Answer 25

Bergy’s (dichotomus)

Question 26

the future of speciation

Answer 26

we’ll probably just look for outbreak instead

come up with treatment plan for an outbreak.

Question 27

what do the secretion systems do?

Answer 27

solve the problem of “crossing the barrier” (between membranes)

Question 28

effectors…

Answer 28

proteins that modify the activity of the host

Question 29

what happens in the smooth ER

Answer 29

involved in chaperone activity

Question 30

what do chaperones DO?

Answer 30

stabalize so that protein can get to the right specific fold
(otherwise they just fold randomly and are not functional)
IT DOES NOT DO THE FOLDING… just stabalizes