Chapter 10

Question 1

2 names for every organism

Answer 1

genus and specific epithet (species)

Question 2

eukarea names

Answer 2

species 
genus
family
order 
class
phylum 
kingdom 
domain (eukarya)

Question 3

clone

Answer 3

pure culture

Question 4

strain

Answer 4

groups from a pure culture that arent all identical

Question 5

3 theories on orgins of viruses

Answer 5

1) arose independtly from replicating strands of nucleic acids
2) degenerative cells that lost ability to survive independently
3) coevolved with host cells

Question 6

differential staining

Answer 6

gram pos or neg
acid fast
based on chem compostion of cell wall

Question 7

Biochemical tests

Answer 7

enzymatic activities of bacteria
identification of pathogens
insight into bacteria’s niche
use of selective and differential media

Question 8

types of biochemical tests

Answer 8

Rapid identification methods

numerical identification

Question 9

Rapid identification methods/numerical identification

Answer 9

identify bacteria 4-24 hrs
for medically important bacteria
assign number for results of each test
computerized interpredtation 
limitation: mutations in plasmids may result in strains with differnt characteristics

biochem test

Question 10

Serology

Answer 10

studies science and immune response

based on bacteria as antigenic, stimlate antibody formation

Question 11

antiserum

Answer 11

solution of antibodies used to identify a microorganism

Question 12

types of serology tests

Answer 12

slide aggulation test
enzyme linked immunosorbend assay (ELISA)
Western blotting

Question 13

slide aggulation test

Answer 13

unknown bacteria place in saline
add differnt antiserum to each sample
clumping of bacteria when mixed with antibodies that were produced in response to that bacteria

serology

Question 14

enzyme linked immunosorbend assay (ELISA)

Answer 14

fast
computer scanner
place antibodies to wall of microplate, add unknown bacteria 
reaction identifies bacteria
used in AIDS testing 

serology

Question 15

Western blotting

Answer 15

identify antibodies in patient serum
Lyme disase
1) get proteins seperated via electric current
2) transfer proteins by blotting
3)wash pateint serum over plate. antibodies and proteins combine if patient has the antibody
4) visualized by color band after enzyme’s substrate added

serology

Question 16

Serological testing differentiates…

Answer 16

between species, strains w/in species

Question 17

what are strains with different antigens called

Answer 17

serotypes, serovars, or biovars

Question 18

Phage typing

Answer 18

similarities in bacteria
test to determine which phages bacteria are susceptible to
cover plate with bacteria, drop different phage on each
clearing in bacterial growth (plaque) if the phage lyses the bacteria

Question 19

Fatty Acid Profiles

Answer 19

FAME

separate fatty acids and compare fatty acid profiles of knowns

Question 20

Flow Cytometry

Answer 20

don’t need to culture
moving fluid with bactera forced through small openings
detect differnce in electral conductivity between cells and surrounding medium
scattering of light=info about cell size, shape, density, surface

Question 21

DNA Base Composition

Answer 21

percentage of G+C… degree of species relatedness

if difference of more than 10%, organisms probably not related

Question 22

DNA Fingerpringint

Answer 22

restriction enzymes
deterime sequence of bases
treat with same restriction enzyme, separate by electrophoresis
compare number and size of fragments

determine source of hospital acquired infections

Question 23

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)

Answer 23

cant culture as usual
increase amount of microbial DNA levels to be tested by electrophorises
use PCR
identified whipples disease

Question 24

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Answer 24

separate strands and determine relatedness between base sequence of 2 organisms

study ability of DNA from two different organisms to come together

DNA-DNA, RNA-RNA, DNA-RNA

Question 25

types of nucleic acid hybridization

Answer 25

southern blotting
DNA Chips
Ribotyping and Ribosomal RNA sequence
Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Question 26

southern blotting

Answer 26

use DNA probes

Question 27

DNA Chips

Answer 27

microarray
detect pathogen in host, use DNA probes and fluorescent dye
hybridization between DNA and DNA probe measured

Question 28

Ribotyping and Ribosomal RNA sequence

Answer 28

determine phylogenetic relationships between organisms
amplification by PCR and rRNA primer
need specific probes to ID individual species species

Question 29

Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Answer 29

treat cells so that probe enters and reacts with target DNA
determine identity, abundance, relative actiity of microorganism in environment
doesnt need to be cultured

Question 30

Dichotomus Keys

Answer 30

successive 2 answer questions

little to do with phylogenic relationships

Question 31

Cladograms

Answer 31

maps to show evolutionary relationshps
branched points show shared features between various species

1) align 2 rRNA sequences
2) calcuate percentage of similarity
3) draw horiontal braches proprtionally to calcluated percentage
all beyond a node have similar rRNA sequences