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NYCC Microbiology > 5 Parasitology > Flashcards

5 Parasitology Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

define parasitism

A

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the host

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2
Q

name 2 general types of parasites

A

endoparasite
ectoparasite

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3
Q

endoparasites are found ____

A

internally

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4
Q

ectoparasites are found ____

A

on skin & hair (eg. lice, fleas, ticks)

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5
Q

name 2 groupings of parasites

A

protozoans
helminths

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6
Q

name 3 characteristics of protozoa

A
  • eukaryotes
  • single celled simple animals
  • classified based on locomotion
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7
Q

name 2 forms that protozoa exist in

A

trophozoite
cyst

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8
Q

protozoa which are actively growing within a host are in what form?

A

trophozoite

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9
Q

protozoa which are waiting statically in the environment are in what form?

A

cyst

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10
Q

method of locomotion of sporozoa

A

none

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11
Q

method of reproduction of sporozoa

A

simple fission followed by sexual reproduction (2 cycles)

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12
Q

name 3 species of sporozoa

A

plasmodium
toxoplasma
cryptosporidium

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13
Q

what is the most common species of sporozoa?

A

plasmodium

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14
Q

what is the etiologic agent of plasmodium?

A

plasmodium species

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15
Q

what is the most virulent type of plasmodium?

A

plasmodium falciparum (malaria)

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16
Q

what is the vector of malaria?

A

anopheles mosquito

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17
Q

plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent species in what location?

A

sub-Saharan Africa

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18
Q

what is the second most significant species of plasmodium and where is it prevalent?

A

plasmodium vivax
Southeast Asia and Latin America

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19
Q

describe the asexual and sexual life cycles of plasmodium

A
  • mosquito releases sporozoites which act on the liver
  • organism undergoes asexual cycle, infecting RBCs
  • production of gametocytes
  • transmission to next mosquito
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20
Q

what is the most prevalent parasitic disease worldwide?

A

malaria

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21
Q

febrile illness of malaria is caused by ____ infection of ____

A

plasmodium
RBCs

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

black water fever

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24
Q

etiologic agent of toxoplasma

A

toxoplasma gondii

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25
vector of toxoplasma
feces of infected domestic cats
26
treatment for toxoplasma
not required unless symptoms are severe, except for pregnant women
27
in pregnant women, toxoplasma may cause...
miscarriage or severe neurological damage to the fetus
28
toxoplasma is an important cause of ____
AIDS-related dementia
29
how is cryptosporidium transmitted?
fecal-oral transmission usually via water
30
what is the most common symptom of cryptosporidium?
watery diarrhea
31
cryptosporidium is commonly called ____
crypto
32
what is the most primitive of all protozoans?
rhizopods
33
how do rhizopods reproduce?
binary fission
34
method of locomotion of rhizopods
pseudopods ('false foot')
35
rhizopods can exist as ____ in periods of environmental stress
cysts
36
rhizopods are ____
amoebas
37
what is the etiologic agent of amebiasis?
entamoeba histolytica
38
amebiasis causes what 2 diseases?
- Montezuma's revenge - New Delhi belly
39
what is the vector of amebiasis?
fecal-oral
40
amebiasis colonizes the ____
colon
41
acute symptoms of amebiasis
- diarrhea (occ. bloody) - flatulence - cramping - abdominal pain
42
chronic symptoms of amebiasis
alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation
43
what is the largest class of locomotive parasites to infect humans?
mastigophora
44
how does mastigophora reproduce?
binary fission
45
mastigophora can exist solely in ____ form
trophozoite
46
what is the vector of trichomonas vaginalis?
STD
47
name 4 species of mastigophora
- trichomonas vaginalis - tryponosoma - giardia - leishmania
48
chronic long-term infection by trichomonas vaginalis in males
prostatitis and urethritis
49
characteristics of trichomonas vaginalis
- non-invasive - petechial hemorrhaging - non-toxin producing - persistent vaginitis - exists only in trophozoite form
50
what is the etiologic agent of the tryponosoma species?
trypanasoma
51
what is the vector of tryponosoma species?
tsetse fly
52
what is the common name of the tryponosoma species?
sleeping sickness
53
african sleeping sickness is confined to ____
central Africa
54
pathogenesis of african sleeping sickness
- localized inflammation at bite followed by hematogenous and lymphatic spread - colonize small BVs of heart & brain - fever, headache, impaired mental status leading to coma and death - exist only in trophozoite form
55
what is the etiologic agent of giardia?
giardia lamblia
56
vector of giardia
fecal-oral
57
giardia is commonly called ____
beaver fever
58
pathogenesis of giardiasis
- diarrhea (steatorrhea) - cramping - flatulence - anorexia - exists in both cyst & trophozoite stage
59
the leishmania species causes the ____
oriental sore
60
vector of leishmania species
sand flea
61
pathogenesis of leishmaniasis
- appear weeks to months after bite - itchy pustules - lymphadenopathy - spontaneous healing in 5-12 months - depigmented scar - confined to skin, no further issues once scar forms
62
how many ciliates infect humans causing intestinal disease?
only 1: balantidium coli
63
vector of balantidium coli
fecal-oral involving swine (pig) feces
64
name 3 characteristics of helminths
- eukaryotes - simple to complex animals - 2 phyla of worms
65
name the 2 phyla of worms
- plastyhelminthes: flatworms - nemahelminthes: roundworms
66
name 3 classes of worms
- cestodes: tapeworms - trematodes: flukes - nematodes: roundworms
67
what is the largest of the worms?
cestodes
68
describe characteristics of cestodes
- lack vascular and respiratory systems - hermaphrodites - nutrients absorbed across cuticle - adults consist of 3 parts
69
what are the 3 parts of adult cestodes?
scolex regenerative neck regions long segmented body
70
what is the scolex used for?
attachment
71
describe the regenerative neck region
segmented portion of a tapeworm: proglottid
72
what is the sexually maturing section of a tapeworm?
mature proglottids
73
what are gravid proglottids?
ready to break away and release eggs
74
pathogenesis of tapeworm infection
- need primary and secondary host: humans usually incidental - can live in humans for decades - may reach lengths of 10-25ft - cause gastric discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss
75
describe the characteristics of trematodes
- flukes - bilateral symmetry - mm to cm in length - hermaphrodites or schistosomes (sexual)
76
what type of fluke is paragonimus westermani?
lung fluke
77
vector of paragonimus westermani
ingestion of improperly cooked crab
78
pathogenesis of paragonimus westermani
- eosinophilia and inflammation resulting in formation of a fibrous capsule - swell and erode into bronchioles - can also rupture pleura - may travel to intestine and brain
79
what is the most common trematode worldwide?
clonorchis sinesis
80
what type of fluke is clonorchis sinesis?
chinese liver fluke
81
vector of clonorchis sinesis
ingestion of improperly cooked fish
82
pathogenesis of clonorchis sinesis
- larvae released into duodenum and travel to common bile duct - migration may cause fever, chills, mild jaundice, eosinophilia, hepatomegaly - cause fibrosis, bile stones, and associated w bile duct carcinoma - can migrate to pancreas - can survive for 50yrs in human host
83
what type of fluke is the schistosoma species?
blood fluke
84
vector of schistosoma
fecal-oral
85
what is the only trematode that is cylindrical in shape and have both genders?
schistosoma
86
pathogenesis of schistosoma
- cylindrical body - sexual reproduction: M + F join for life - begin infection in portal vv and travel to ascending colon - eggs laid in colon rupture into bowel or bladder - adult worms in bladder can result in kidney failure - adult worms in intestinal tract causes abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea - can live in host for 30yrs
87
nematodes are all ____
roundworms
88
what are the 2 types of nematodes?
intestinal tissue
89
characteristics of intestinal nematodes
- fusiform body shape - tough outer cuticle - M + F - thousands of offspring - eggs must incubate outside host to become infective - larval form
90
etiologic agent of enterobiasis (pinworms)
enterobius vermicularis
91
common infections of enterobiasis
- 200,000,000 new infections annually - most in children - temperate climates
92
pinworms attach to ____
cecal mucosa
93
female pinworms migrate to...
perianal tissue to lay eggs
94
pathogenesis of enterobiasis
- eggs cause hypersensitivity response - eggs stick to tissue, bedding, towels, and fingers - eggs can be inhaled or swallowed - eggs hatch in upper intestine - larva migrate to cecum
95
what is the test to detect pinworms?
scotch tape test
96
what is the largest and most common intestinal nematode?
ascaris lumbricoides
97
characteristics of ascaris lumbricoides
- females can lay 250-500 thousand eggs per day - resistant to environmental pressure - remain viable in soil up to 6yrs
98
pathogenesis of ascariasis
- eggs picked up from soil and inhaled/swallowed - larva penetrate intestinal mucosa and invade liver - larva exit hepatic v and go through heart to lung - larva mature and are coughed up and swallowed
99
infection of ascariasis may occur in ____ or ____
lung or intestines
100
severity of infection by ascariasis depends on ____
worm load
101
what are the symptoms of a heavy ascariasis wormload?
- fever - coughing - wheezing - shortness of breath - intestinal blockage or rupture
102
ascariasis worms may pass out of the body via...
- vomiting - stool - crawling out of nose, mouth, ears, anus
103
characteristics of tissue nematodes
- discharge live offspring called microfilariae - circulate through blood or tissue - can be ingested by blood sucking insects
104
where does trichinella spiralis live and where is it found?
- lives in duodenum of flesh-eating mammals - found in swine and bears
105
pathogenesis of trichinosis
- human infection caused by ingestion of undercooked meat - over 1,000,000 americans carry living or dead worms - encapsulates in skeletal m - viable for 5-10yrs - most infections are asymptomatic
106
what are arthropods?
animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs
107
what are biological vectors?
arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms
108
representative classes of arthropods
- arachnida - 8 legs - crustacea - 4 antennae - insecta - 6 legs
109
name 6 examples of arthropods
mosquito tick lice rat flea deer fly kissing bug

NYCC Microbiology (17 decks)

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