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NYCC Microbiology > 7 Emerging & Re-Emerging Diseases > Flashcards

7 Emerging & Re-Emerging Diseases Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

what are emerging infectious diseases?

A

infections that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase in the near future

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2
Q

what can cause emerging infectious diseases?

A
  • previously undetected/unknown infectious agents
  • known agents that have spread to new geographic locations or new populations
  • previously known agents whose role in specific diseases has previously gone unrecognized
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3
Q

between 1940-2004, there were ____ emerging infectious disease (EID) origins reported globally

A

335
(mostly viral)

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4
Q

what are re-emerging infectious diseases?

A

diseases that were once thought of as being under control primarily due to the use of antibiotics, vaccinations, and insect control

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5
Q

name 8 examples of re-emerging infectious diseases

A
  • tuberculosis
  • cholera
  • malaria
  • whooping cough
  • diphtheria
  • measles
  • mumps
  • polio
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6
Q

name 4 examples of emergent diseases which appear when humans encroach upon new land, increasing contact with new pathogens

A
  • lyme disease
  • hanta virus (sin nombre)
  • dengue fever
  • nipah virus
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7
Q

what does nipah virus cause?

A

encephalitis or respiratory illness

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8
Q

how is nipah virus transmitted?

A

animal to human or human to human

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9
Q

treatment of nipah virus

A

no treatment or vaccine available for people or animals

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10
Q

what is the natural host of nipah virus?

A

fruit bats

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11
Q

name 3 examples of foodborne infectious diseases

A
  • E. coli O157:H7
  • “mad cow” disease
  • Salmonella
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12
Q

in september 2016, 8 multistate outbreaks of human salmonella infections were linked to…

A

live poultry in backyard flocks
(total: 895)

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13
Q

what factors impact the globalization of disease?

A

modern air travel
global trade

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14
Q

name 4 examples of globalized diseases

A
  • avian influenza
  • tuberculosis
  • cholera
  • bubonic plague
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15
Q

what disease mutates rapidly and is more deadly than any other form of influenza, specifically 10x more deadly than the Spanish flu?

A

Avian influenza

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16
Q

mortality rate of avian influenza

A
  • could be as high as 50%
  • expected 0.1-2.5%
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17
Q

Zika virus

A
  • outbreaks after Brazil olympics
  • seen in states with ^college athletics -> ^travel
  • conjunctivitis, fever, joint pain, rash
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18
Q

Dengue Hemorrhagic fever is also known as ____

A

breakbone fever

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19
Q

globalization of Dengue hemorrhagic fever is comparable to that of ____

A

Malaria

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20
Q

what is the case-fatality rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever? what population are fatal cases most common?

A

5%
mostly children

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21
Q

manifestation of Chikungunya virus

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A
  • symptoms begin 3-7 days after infectious mosquito bite
  • fever, joint pain, headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, rash
  • can be severe & disabling
  • joint pain may persist for months
22
Q

what is the etiologic agent of middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)?

23
Q

manifestation of MERS

Study These Flashcards
A
  • severe respiratory illness with symptoms of fever, cough, shortness of breath
  • mortality rate: 30-40%
24
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS):
source
year
transmission
mortality rate

Study These Flashcards
A
  • China
  • 1990
  • droplet aerosol & fomites
  • 10%
25
where is high viral load of SARS found in the body?
lower respiratory tract
26
**West Nile Virus:** source year transmission host mortality rate
- Africa - 1999 - mosquito - birds - 15%
27
West nile virus causes ____
encephalitis
28
name 4 examples of viral hemorrhagic fevers
ebola marburg lassa yellow fevers
29
**Viral hemorrhagic fevers:** source transmission mortality rates
- tropics - arboviruses (insects) & unknown - strain-specific: 5-90%
30
Viral hemorrhagic fevers can cause ____
circulatory shock
31
tuberculosis, influenza, and prion diseases are examples of ____
re-emerging diseases
32
epidemiology of tuberculosis
- ~2 billion people infected worldwide - 8 million new infections per year - 2 million deaths per year - most cases from 1993-2009 in Mexico
33
what are the possible causes for 1increases in tuberculosis?
- HIV/AIDS epidemic (Africa) - ^poverty, IV drug use, homelessness (US) - ^immigration of infected individuals (US) - ^elderly population (US) - failure of patients to complete antibiotic therapy (globally)
34
influenza has a stable reservoir in ____
aquatic birds
35
name 4 examples of influenza pandemics
- 1918 Spanish flu - 1957 Asian flu - 1968 Hong Kong flu - 2009 Swine flu
36
what influenza pandemic was the most significant?
1918 Spanish flu: 50,000,000 deaths worldwide
37
when are people with influenza most contagious?
- first 3-4 days - adults may be infectious 1 day before symptoms develop, up to 5-7 days after - young children & immunocompromised may be infectious for longer
38
what is the time from when a person is exposed and infected with influenza to when symptoms begin?
~2 days, or 1-4 days
39
when do flu antiviral drugs work best?
- when started within 2 days of getting sick - starting later can be beneficial, especially if at risk of serious flu complications or in hospital with more severe illness
40
what are prions?
infectious protein particles
41
what do prions cause?
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
42
history of TSE
- first seen in united kingdom, 1762: scrapie in sheep - 1984: mad cow in cattle - 2000: creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans
43
describe how normal prions become abnormal
abnormally folded PrPsc - aggregate into fibrous structures in the brain referred to as plaque - disrupt the cell membrane causing cell death - convert normal prions into abnormal prions
44
what is the prion hypothesis?
resistant to: - cooking - autoclaving - strong alkali treatment - disinfectants survive in soil for years
45
what is TSE?
- neurodegenerative disease - affects sheep, cattle, humans - no test for it in living organisms - no treatment or cure
46
pathogenesis of TSE
- long incubation time - plaque deposits in brain - no Ab response - no inflammation
47
symptoms of TSE
- lack of coordination - staggering - slurred speech - dramatic mood swings - paralysis - death within 1 yr of symptom onset
48
TSE presents in humans as ____ and ____
kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
49
how is kuru spread?
cannibalism
50
how is the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease spread?
food web (possible epidemic)

NYCC Microbiology (17 decks)

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