9 Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
name 3 features of innate defenses of the respiratory system
A
- mucociliary escalator (traps debris & moves out)
- alveolar macrophages (dust cells) most important
- mm of chest wall & diaphragm (coughing & clearing)
2
Q
name 4 examples of bacterial infections of the respiratory system
A
- otitis media
- pharyngitis (strep throat)
- scarlet fever
- diphtheria
3
Q
otitis media can be ____ or ____
A
viral or bacterial
4
Q
when is otitis media most common?
A
between ages 3mo to 3yrs
5
Q
name 3 etiologic agents of otitis media
A
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- staphylococcus aureus
- haemophilus influenzae
6
Q
otitis media may be spread locally, resulting in…
A
- acute petrositis (infection of temporal bone)
- labrynthitis
7
Q
intracranial spread of otitis media may cause…
A
- meningitis (most common)
- brain abscess
- subdural empyema
- epidural abscess
- lateral sinus thrombosis
- otitic hydrocephalus
8
Q
symptoms of mastoiditis
A
- abscess forms in the bone, skin covering can become swollen, red, tender
- fever
- pain around & within ear (persistent & throbbing)
- creamy, profuse discharge from ear
- hearing loss can become progressively worse
9
Q
signs & symptoms of sinusitis
A
- pain & tenderness
- congestion & obstruction of nose
- reduced ability to smell (hyposmia)
- bad breath (halitosis)
- productive cough (especially at night)
- swelling over affected sinus
9
Q
what causes sinusitis?
A
usually a bacterial super-infection after sinus drainage has been compromised
10
Q
pharyngitis is classically known as the infection ____
A
strep throat
11
Q
etiologic agent of pharygitis
A
streptococcus pyogenes
12
Q
signs & symptoms of pharyngitis
A
- can cause abscesses on tonsils
- can cause complications of scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome, rheumatic fever
13
Q
scarlet fever is caused by…
A
group A streptococci: streptococcus pyogenes
14
Q
in what population is scarlet fever commonly seen?
A
children under 18yrs
15
Q
pathogenesis of scarlet fever
A
- symptoms begin w/ rash: tiny bumps on chest & abdomen, more red in armpits & groin, lasts 2-5 days
- very sore throat w/ white or yellow papules
- fever of 38.3*C (100.9 F)
- lymphadenopathy
- headache, body aches, nausea
- tongue coated w/ bacteria
16
Q
etiologic agent of diphtheria
A
corynebacterium diphtheraie
17
Q
diphtheria is a more localized type of the infection ____
A
severe pharyngitis
18
Q
diphtheria may be accompanied by…
A
pseudomembrane in throat composed of fibrin, leukocytes, cell debris, dead bacteria
19
Q
how is diphtheria transmitted?
A
- droplet aerosol
- direct contact w/ colonized skin
- fomites
20
Q
diphtheria produces the toxin ____
A
myocarditis (targets the heart)
21
Q
diphtheria may involve…
A
- multiple organ systems
- skin
22
Q
describe diphtheria of the skin
A
simple pustules to non-healing ulcerations
23
Q
name 2 examples of viral infections of the upper respiratory system
A
- rhinovirus (common head cold)
- parainfluenza (types 1 & 3)
24
describe the serotypes of rhinovirus
- several hundred exist, <50% have been characterized
- 50% are picoronaviruses (smallest & simplest)
- single-stranded RNA
- major cause of mild upper respiratory tract infections
25
describe the pathogenesis of rhinoviruses
- infection seen throughout the year (epidemic in spring & early fall)
- incubation period: 2-3 days
- acute symptoms: 3-7 days
- mild infection w/ little damage to body
26
how many types of parainfluenza virus (HPIV) exist, and which are the most important?
- 4 types
- types 1 & 3
27
parainfluenza viruses belong to what group?
paramyxovirus group
- single stranded RNA virus
- contains hemagluttinin & neuraminidase
28
parainfluenza virus is a serious problem in what population?
infants & small children
29
compare parainfluenza vs influenza
- parainfluenza virus replicates in cytoplasm; influenza replicates in nucleus
- parainfluenza virus is more stable than influenza (very little mutation, little antigenic shift, no antigenic drift)
30
pathogenesis of parainfluenza infection of upper respiratory tract
- fever
- runny nose (rhinorrhea)
- cough
- sore throat
- sneezing
- wheezing
- ear pain
- decreased appetite
31
pathogenesis of parainfluenza infection of lower respiratory tract
- croup (infection of larynx, trachea, bronchi)
- bronchitis
- bronchiolitis
- pneumonia
32
HPIV1 is also known as ____
sendai virus
33
compare the effects of HPIV1 and HPIV3
HPIV1:
- major cause of croup in infants & young children
- causes severe pharyngitis & tracheobronchitis
HPIV3:
- major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants & young children
- causes bronchitis & pneumonia in children <1yr
34
compare HPIV1 & 3 in terms of when they occur
HPIV1: outbreaks usually in fall
HPIV3:
- 50% of all children exposed within 1st yr of life
- infections occur throughout the year
35
name 8 examples of bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract
- bacterial pneumonia
- mycoplasmal pneumonia
- TB
- pertussis
- inhalation anthrax
- legionnaire's disease
- Q fever
- psittacosis
36
bacterial pneumonia may be caused by...
a variety of organisms
(one of most serious infections)
37
name 5 high risk groups for community acquired pneumonia
- elderly
- children <2yrs
- african-americans
- native americans
- alaska natives
38
signs & symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia
- fever >39*C (102.2 F)
- chest pain
- purulent sputum
39
what is the etiologic agent of pneumococcal pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumoniae
40
what is the etiologic agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia?
mycoplasma pneumoniae
41
describe the etiology of mycoplasmal pneumonia
- mild form of pneumonia
- accounts for 10% of all pneumonias
- "walking pneumonia"
- most common between 5-15yrs
- found in temporal climates
42
pathogenesis of mycoplasmal pneumonia
- incubation period: 2-15 days
- insidious onset: fever, headache, malaise
- infection affects trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
- may extend to alveoli
- organisms shed in upper respiratory secretions: 2-8 days before symptoms; 14wks post-infection
43
signs & symptoms of mycoplasmal pneumonia
- mild tracheobronchitis
- sore throat
- otitis media
- **persistent, nagging, unproductive cough**
44
describe the etiology of pulmonary tuberculosis
- ~2 billion people infected globally
- HIV/AIDS has significant impact
- poverty & poor living conditons
- drug resistance due to non-compliance
45
signs & symptoms of tuberculosis
initial symptoms similar to other respiratory tract infections EXCEPT:
- fever (38*C; 100.4 F)
- fatigue
- weight loss
- chest pain
- shortness of breath
- hacking cough
- hemoptysis (coughing blood)
46
describe the current trends of tuberculosis
- 1/4 of world population carries
- 50,000,000 people are infected w/ multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains of TB
- 80% of US cases are foreign-born
- TB is a re-emerging disease
47
etiologic agent of tuberculosis
myobacterium tuberculosis
48
how is myobacterium tuberculosis stained?
acid-fast+ bacillus/weakly gram+ bacillus
49
pathogenesis of primary TB
- occurs when host encounters pathogen for first time
- organisms move to alveoli
- cell-mediated immune response begins
- if primary lesion not contained -> tubercles/granulomas
50
what are tubercles?
- aggregates of macrophages containing bacteria, surrounded by fibroblasts & lymphocytes
- center = caseous necrosis
- calcified: ghon complex
51
pathogenesis of secondary TB
- AKA latent TB
- due to reactivation of old lesions: advanced age; immunocompromization due to co-infection w/ HIV/AIDS
OR
- gradual progression of primary TB
52
diagnosis of TB is dependent upon...
- PDD: purified protein derivative skin tests (mantoux or tine)
- chest film showing tubercles or consolidation
- sputum sample w/ acid-fast staining
- biopsy
53
treatment of TB
- triple therapy cocktail: Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RFP), Pyrazinamide (PZA)
- all 3 taken 1x/day for 2mo
- INH & RFP taken for 9 more months
- compliance important but difficult bc of side effects of drug therapy (toxicity in liver & kidney)
54
what is directly observed therapy?
- delivery of scheduled drug doses by a healthcare worker: patient's ingestion/injection of drugs is directly administered, observed, and documented
- helps prevent spread of TB and occurrence of MDR-TB
55
describe the etiology of whooping cough
- etiologic agent: bordetella pertussis
- highly contagious
- infects 80-100% of susceptible individuals
- mortality highest in infants & children <1yr
- re-emerging disease
56
what is the medical term for whooping cough?
pertussis
57
prevention of pertussis
DTaP vaccine
58
pathogenesis of perussis
- has affinity for ciliated bronchial epithelium
- after attaching, produces tracheal toxin: immobilize & destroy ciliated cells
- persistent cough from inability to move mucus
- does not invade cells/tissues of respiratory tract
- incubation period: 7-10 days
59
name the stages of pertussis
- primary: catarrhal
- secondary: paroxysmal
- tertiary: convalescence
60
describe the primary stage of pertussis
- 1-2wks
61
secondary stage of pertusis
62
tertiary stage of pertusis
63
complications of pertusis
64
inhalation anthrax
65
pathogenesis of anthrax
66
67
where is Legionnaire's disease found?
- ubiquitous in fresh water
- lives inside Acanthamoeba
- undetected in healthy people
68
etiologic agent of Legionnaire's disease
Legionella pneumophila
69
transmission of Legionnaire's disease
- transmitted as humidified aerosol
- facultative intracellular parasite
70
Legionella pneumophila infect ____, which show ____ morphology
alveolar macrophages
coiled
71
symptoms of Legionella pneumophila
72
where is Q fever found?
- grows well in placenta of animals
- contaminated soil
73
transmission of Q fever
74
what type of infection is Q fever?
75
etiologic agent of Q fever
coxiella burnetii
76
pathogenesis of Q fever
77
Psittacosis is also known as ____
ornithosis
78
what type of pneumonia is psittacosis?
zoonotic
79
what are the most common hosts of psittacosis and how is it contracted?
80
etiologic agent of psittacosis
81
common name of psittacosis
82
acute symptoms of psittacosis
83
occasional systemic complications of psittacosis
84
75-80% of all acute respiratory tract infections in the US are of ____ origin
viral
85
incubation period of viral lower respiratory tract infections
short: 1-4 days
86
how can viral lower respiratory tract infections be transmitted?
- direct: through droplets
- indirect: through transfer of contaminated secretions
87
influenza is also known as ____
88
name 3 serotypes of influenza
89
serotype A
90
serotype B
91
serotype C
92
influenza outbreaks
93
acute influenzal syndrome
94
pathogenesis of influenza
95
when infected by influenza, respiratory epithelium may not be restored for...
2-10 weeks
96
respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks (RSV)
97
virus shed of RSV
98
RSV affects...
99
incubation period of RSV
100
clinical signs of RSV
101
RSV in infants
102
common name for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
103
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome infection is associated with...
104
transmission of sin nombre
105
mortality rates of sin nombre
106
fungal spores are ____ and found in...
ubiquitous
- found in soil
- found in homes
- resident flora
107
etiologic agent of pneumocystis pneumonia
108
pneumocystis pneumonia is common in ____
109
symptoms of pneumocystis pneumonia
110
pathogenesis of pneumocystis pneumonia
111
etiologic agent of blastomycosis
blastomyces dermatitidis
112
who is most commonly affected by blastomycosis?
113
pathogenesis of blastomycosis
114
etiologic agent of histoplasmosis
115
where is histoplasmosis found?
116
pathogenesis of histoplasmosis
117
etiologic agent of coccidiodomycosis
118
what causes valley fever?
119
pathogenesis of valley fever
120
etiologic agent of aspergillosis
121
where is aspergillosis found?
122
what population is commonly affected by aspergillosis?
123
pathogenesis of aspergillosis
124
