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NYCC Microbiology > 6B Principles of Transmission > Flashcards

6B Principles of Transmission Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

what are 3 principles of transmission?

A
  • where are pathogens found
  • what are the mechanisms of transmission
  • how can the chain of transmission be broken
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2
Q

what are reservoirs of infection?

A

places where pathogens grow and accumulate

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3
Q

what are mechanisms of transmission?

A

various ways pathogens move from place to place

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4
Q

name 3 potential reservoirs of pathogens

A
  • human
  • animals
  • non-living
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5
Q

human reservoirs

A
  • sick people: easy to identify
  • carriers: those who are infectious but never show signs or symptoms
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6
Q

what are zoonotic diseases?

A

those infections that may be transmitted from animals to humans

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7
Q

name 8 examples of zoonotic diseases

A
  • anthrax
  • brucellosis
  • cat scratch fever
  • lyme
  • plague
  • TB
  • ringworm
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
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8
Q

non-living reservoirs

A
  • include water, food, soil
  • fecal-oral transmission
  • food spoilage
  • soil dwelling bacteria may be transmitted through human activity or animal husbandry
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9
Q

name 3 mechanisms of transmission

A
  • contact
  • vehicle
  • vector
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10
Q

when does contact transmission occur?

A

when an uninfected person is exposed to a pathogen via touching or proximity with an infected individual, animal or object

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11
Q

name 3 types of contact transmission

A
  • direct
  • indirect
  • droplet
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12
Q

direct contact transmission

A

there is no intermediary between the infected person/animal and uninfected person

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13
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

occurs through intermediates that are non alive such as tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, bedding, contaminated needles

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14
Q

intermediates that are not alive are called ____

A

fomites

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15
Q

droplet transmission

A

spread through aerosolized saliva, mucous, sputum
(i.e. talking, laughing, sneezing)

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16
Q

vehicle transmission

A

pathogens “ride” via water, food, air

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17
Q

vector transmission

A

pathogens are transmitted to a healthy person by a carrier known to be associated with a certain disease

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18
Q

what is the most common vector transmitter? name examples.

A

arthropods
- fleas
- ticks
- body lice
- mosquitoes
- flies

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19
Q

name 2 methods of vector transmission

A
  • biological (eg. insect bite)
  • mechanical (eg. insects depositing on food)
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20
Q

name 6 factors affecting disease transmission

A
  • age
  • gender
  • lifestyle
  • occupation
  • geography
  • general health
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21
Q

the host’s ability to mount a defense is called ____

A

immunocompetence

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22
Q

damaged host defenses result in…

A

disease potential

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23
Q

name 7 examples of people considered vulnerable or immunocompromised

A
  • HIV-AIDS
  • genetic immunodeficiency diseases
  • chemotherapy
  • broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • premature and neonates
  • health care workers
  • elderly
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24
Q

Koch’s Postulates

Study These Flashcards
A

conditions in order to “communicate” disease:
- same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
- pathogen must be isolated from sick host and purified
- pure pathogen must cause the same disease when given to infect hosts
- pathogen must be re-isolated from newly infected hosts

25
name the 5 periods of disease development
- incubation period - prodromal period - period of illness - period of decline - period of convalescence
26
incubation period
no signs or symptoms
27
prodromal period
mild symptoms
28
period of illness
major signs & symptoms
29
at what period of disease development is the immune response the strongest?
period of illness
30
period of decline
signs & symptoms wane but highest chance of secondary infection
31
period of convalescence
recovery
32
what is epidemiology?
- study of factors and mechanisms involved in frequency and spread of diseases or other health-related problems - used to study disease and also to design methods for control and prevention
33
what is prevalence and what is it used for?
- total # of people infected within a population at any given time - used to measure strength and length of a particular disease "streaming video"
34
what is incidence and what is it used for?
- number of new cases contracted within a set population in a specific period - provides a reliable indication of the spread of a disease "snapshot"
35
what is morbidity?
number of people affected by disease during a set period divided by total population
36
what is mortality?
number of deaths due to a specific disease during a specific period divided by total population
37
name 3 levels of disease occurrence
endemic epidemic pandemic
38
endemic disease
diseases found constantly within a population
39
epidemic disease
incidence of disease suddenly higher than expected in a specific region
40
name 2 types of epidemic disease
common-source propagated
41
common source epidemic
- arises from contact with contaminated substances (fecal contamination of water; improperly prepared/stored food) - affect large numbers of people but once source is identified quickly subside
42
propagated epidemic
- amplification of number of infected individuals as person-to-person contact occurs - stay in population for long periods - more difficult to control until **patient zero** found
43
pandemic
diseases that occur in epidemic proportions
44
name 2 types of epidemiological studies
descriptive analytical
45
what are descriptive epidemiological studies concerned with?
- physical aspects of patients and spread of disease - traces outbreak and identifies first case
46
what are analytical epidemiological studies concerned with?
- correlation: cause and effect hypothesis - always uses a control group
47
what is often the most practical and feasible study to conduct?
observational
48
observational/descriptive studies
- investigator observes occurrence of condition/disease in population groups that have assigned themselves to a certain exposure - more natural settings, representative of target pop - little control, susceptible to distorting influences
49
cohort study
type of medical research used to investigate the **causes** of disease, establishing links between **risk factors and health outcomes**
50
prospective cohort study
- hypothesis formed about potential cause of disease - observe a cohort of ppl over time & collect relevant data - detect changes in health in relation to potential risk factors
51
disease reporting
health departments of local and state gov't require reports of certain diseases
52
what are nationally notifiable diseases?
diseases that must be reported to the CDC
53
disease reporting pathway
healthcare providers, institutions, labs, others -> county/local -> state health departments -> CDC
54
what are nosocomial infections and who do they commonly affect?
- acquired in a hospital or medical facility within 48hrs of visit - patients & healthcare workers
55
what area of the body is most commonly affected by nosocomial infections?
urinary tract
56
what is the most common nosocomial infection?
staphylococcus aureus (followed by E. coli)
57
nosocomial infections involve the propagation of ____
antibiotic-resistance organisms
58
prognosis of nosocomial infections
very poor
59
name 6 examples of nosocomial infections
- clostridium difficile (c. diff) - neisseria gonorrhoeae - carbapenum-resistant enterobacteraciae (CRE) - vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) - vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) - multi-drug resistant TB (MDRTB/XDRTB)

NYCC Microbiology (17 decks)

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