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Abdo > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

what colour are the kidneys, location in abdomen and type of organs?

A

bilateral bean-shaped organs
posterior abdomen
They are reddish-brown in colour

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2
Q

main function of kidneys?

A

to filter and excrete waste products from the blood. They are also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body

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3
Q

what do the kidneys excrete and what is formed?

A

Metabolic waste and excess electrolytes are excreted by the kidneys to form urine

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4
Q

where is urine transported from and where to?

A

kidneys to bladder

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5
Q

what does urine travel from the kidney to the bladder via?

A

ureters

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6
Q

where does the urine leave the body via?

A

urethra

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7
Q

where does the urethra open out into?

A

perineum

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8
Q

where do the kidneys lie in the abdomen?

A

retroperitoneally (behind the peritoneum) in the abdomen, either side of the vertebral column

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9
Q

where do the kidneys typically extend from to?

A

They typically extend from T12 to L3

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10
Q

which kidney is situated lower? why?

A

the right kidney is often situated slightly lower due to the presence of the liver

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11
Q

how long is each kidney approximately in length?

A

three vertebrae in length

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12
Q

why is the length of kidneys important?

A

can be used to gauge any changes in size when interpreting radiographs

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13
Q

what lies anterior to the left kidney?

A 
suprarenal gland
spleen
stomach
pancreas
left colic flexure
jejunum
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14
Q

what lies posterior to the left kidney?

A

diaphragm
11th and 12th ribs
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transverse abdominis muscle
subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

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15
Q

what lies anterior to the right kidney?

A

suprarenal gland
liver
duodenum
right colic flexure

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16
Q

what lies posterior to the right kidney?

A

diaphragm
12th rib
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transverse abdominis muscle
subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

17
Q

what are the kidneys encased in?

A

complex layers of fascia and fat

18
Q

what are the different layers of the kidney (deep to superficial)?

A

renal capsule
perirenal fat
renal fascia
pararenal fat

19
Q

describe the renal capsule

A

tough fibrous capsule - deepest

20
Q

describe the perirenal fat layer

A

2nd from deep

collection of extraperitoneal fat

21
Q

describe renal fascia layer

A

2nd most superficial layer

Encloses the kidneys and the suprarenal glands

22
Q

describe the location of the pararenal fat layer in relation to kidneys

A

most superficial layer

Mainly located on the posterolateral aspect of the kidney

23
Q

what do the kidneys have in addition to their external coverings?

A

the kidneys have an intricate inner structure

24
Q

how can the renal parenchyma be divided internally?

A

Internally, the renal parenchyma can be divided into two main areas – the outer cortex and inner medulla

25
Q

where does the cortex extend to? what does this create? what are they known as?

A

The cortex extends into the medulla, dividing it into triangular shapes – these are known as renal pyramids.

26
Q

what is the apex of a renal pyramid called?

A

a renal papilla

27
Q

what is each renal papilla associated with?

A

a structure known as the minor calyx

28
Q

what is the function of the minor calyx?

A

collects urine from the pyramids

29
Q

what do several minor calices merge to form?

A

a major calyx

30
Q

what passes through the major calices and where do they travel to?

A

Urine passes through the major calices into the renal pelvis

31
Q

what is the renal pelvis like?

A

a flattened and funnel-shaped structure

32
Q

what happens to the urine from the renal pelvis?

A

From the renal pelvis, urine drains into the ureter, which transports it to the bladder for storage.

33
Q

what is the medial margin of each kidney marked by? what is it known as?

A

The medial margin of each kidney is marked by a deep fissure, known as the renal hilum

34
Q

what is the function of the renal hilum?

A

This acts as a gateway to the kidney – the renal vessels and ureter enter/exit the kidney via this structure.

Abdo (50 decks)

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