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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 I’s?

A

Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification

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2
Q

What is inoculation?

A

the introduction of inoculum into a growth medium

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3
Q

The observable growth in a medium is called?

A

a culture

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4
Q

What are some inoculating tools?

A

loops, needles, pipettes, and swabs

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5
Q

What type of parasites can not grow on artificial media?

A

obligate parasites

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6
Q

What do Obligate parasites, such as viruses and some bacterial needed in order to grow or reproduce?

A

live cell cultures or host animals

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7
Q

What is a basic requirement for microbiological work or experimentation?

A

sterile conditions

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8
Q

What causes contamination?

A

unwanted microorganisms of certain identity

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9
Q

What is a colony

A

a macroscopically visible population of cells growing on solid medium, arising from a single cell

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10
Q

What do colonies originate from?

A

pure cultures

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11
Q

What is a strain?

A

a group of dependents of an original cell

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12
Q

What bacterial strains belong to the same species?

A

E.coli

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13
Q

What is a microbial culture?

A

a particular strain or kind of organism growing in a laboratory medium

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14
Q

Where are the largest collection of fungal, bacterial, algal and viral cultures collected?

A

the American Type Culture Collection located in Rockville, Maryland

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15
Q

What collections preserve genetic pool?

A

microbial germplasm

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16
Q

What is sub-culturing?

A

it is the removal of a small sample from a culture and its transference to a separate container or media

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17
Q

How many different types of media are used in culturing and identifying microorganisms?

A

500 types of media

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18
Q

What are the three media properties used the classify them?

A

physical state, chemical composition and functional type

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19
Q

Define physical state of media

A

includes liquid, semisolid, liquefiable solid, or nonliquafieable solid

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20
Q

Define Chemical composition of media

A

includes synthetic or nonsynthetic, depending on the precise content of their chemical composition

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21
Q

Define functional type of media

A

as either general-purpose media with one or more specific purposes. Includes enriched, selective, differential, transport, assay, and enumerating media

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22
Q

What is a liquid media?

A

water-based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and that tend to flow freely when the container is tilted (broths, milks, infusions)

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23
Q

What are the contents of a nutrient broth media?

A

beef extract and peptone water

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24
Q

What substances or dyes are classified as opaque liquid media?

A

methylene blue, milk, and litmus milk

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25
Q

What is fluid thioglycolate broth used for?

A

to determine oxygen utilization in bacteria and is a viscous liquid media

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26
Q

What type of consistency does a semi-solid provide?

A

a clot-like consistency

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27
Q

What are two types of bacterial motility test media?

A

Motility Test Medium and Sulfur Indole Motility Medium (SIM)

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28
Q

What are functions of solid media?

A

provides a firm surface on which cells can form visible colonies and generally used for isolation and culturing of bacteria and fungi

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29
Q

What are two types of solid media?

A

liquefiable and non-liquefiable solid media

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30
Q

At what temperature does a liquefiable media melt and at what temperature can it be plated?

A

melts at 100 degrees Celsius and can be plated between 45-50 degrees Celsius

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31
Q

At what temperature does liquefiable solid media not resolidify?

A

42 degrees Celsius

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32
Q

How are chemically defined or synthetic media made?

A

by using an exact formula that contains precise ingredients

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33
Q

Which protozoan requires 75 different chemicals in their medium?

A

Leishmania

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34
Q

What is a general purpose media?

A

designed to grow as broad spectrum of microbes as possible that do not have special growth requirements

35
Q

What are some types of general purpose media?

A

Nutrient Agar (NA), Nutrient Broth (NB), Brain-heart infusion, Tryticase sao agar (TSA)

36
Q

What are the bacteria that require enriched media called?

A

fastidious

37
Q

blood agar is used for which type of fastidious bacteria?

A

streptococci

38
Q

Chocolate agar is used for which fastidious bacteria?

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

39
Q

What media contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of a certain microbe or microbes?

A

selective media

40
Q

What media suppressed the growth of unwanted microbes and allow the growth of the desired ones?

A

selective media

41
Q

Which media is used to grow staphylococcus?

A

Mannitol salt agar (MSA) (contains 7.5%NaCl)

42
Q

What media is used to isolate microorganisms of the intestine?

A

Methylene blue

43
Q

What type of selective media is used for oral streptococcus from saliva?

A

tellurite

44
Q

Selenite and brilliant green dyes are used for the isolation of what bacteria?

A

Salmonella in feces

45
Q

What is a differential media used for?

A

for the growth of several types of microorganisms but designed to bring out visible differences among those microorganisms.

46
Q

What media is both selective and differential?

A

Mannitol Salt Agar and MacConkey Agar

47
Q

Manintol Salt Agar is used for which type of bacteria?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

48
Q

What are some miscellaneous media?

A

reducing media, carbohydrate fermentation media, transport media, assay media, and enumeration media

49
Q

What type of media absorb oxygen or slow its penetration into a medium?

A

reducing media (reduces its availability)

50
Q

What media contains sugars that can be fermented and a pH indicator?

A

Carbohydrate fermentation media

51
Q

Which media maintain and preserve specimens to be held for a period of time?

A

transport media

52
Q

Which media is used to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial growth, assessment of disinfectants, antiseptics, cosmetics, and preservatives on the growth of microorganisms?

A

assay media

53
Q

Which media is used to count microbes?

A

enumeration media

54
Q

The spirochete of syphilis is tested on which animal media?

A

mice

55
Q

The leprosy bacillus is tested on which animal media?

A

armadillos

56
Q

What is total magnification?

A

power of objective x power of ocular

57
Q

What is resolution power?

A

ability to show detail or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another

58
Q

What is numerical aperture?

A

a mathematical way of describing the light-gathering ability of a lens system.

59
Q

At what magnification can the lens distinguish any cell apart as it is at least 0.22um in diameter

A

100x

60
Q

How do you find the focal length?

A

tube length / magnification

61
Q

What are the 5 types of microscopes mentioned in the notes?

A

bright field, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence, and confocal

62
Q

Which microscope forms an image when light is transmitted through the specimen?

A

bright field

63
Q

Which microscope uses a disk ‘stop’ in the condenser that blocks all light that is reflected off the sides of the specimen?

A

dark field

64
Q

Which microscope allows you to see greater internal details of the specimen?

A

phase constrast

65
Q

Which microscope uses UV/fluorescent dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with UV light?

A

fluorescence

66
Q

Which microscope uses fluorescence light scanned with laser beam and provides a detailed view in 3-D?

A

confocal

67
Q

Which microscope uses electrons and magnets in vacuum instead of light?

A

electron microscope

68
Q

Which microscope allows you to view atoms or patterns of molecules?

A

scanning microscope

69
Q

What is a smear?

A

spread of a thin film on a slide

70
Q

What is fixation?

A

exposure to rapid heat, kills specimen and adhere it to the glass

71
Q

What is a stain?

A

dyes affix to the specimen by chemical reaction

72
Q

What kind of charged particles are on bacterial surfaces?

A

negatively charged

73
Q

Do bacterial cells stain with basic or acidic dyes?

A

basic

74
Q

A positive stain will be what color?

A

the dye will stick to specimen and gives it color

75
Q

A negative stain will be what color?

A

the reverse of positive.

76
Q

What type of dyes are repelled by cells?

A

acidic dyes

77
Q

Which stain uses only one dye?

A

simple stain

78
Q

Which stain uses two dyes, the primary die and the counterstain to distinguish between cell parts?

A

differential stain

79
Q

What dyes are used in gram staining?

A

crystal violet and safrinin

80
Q

What dyes are used in acid-fast staining?

A

carbol fuscsin and methylene blue

81
Q

what dye is used in an endospore stain?

A

malachite green and safrinin

82
Q

What is used in a capsule stain?

A

india ink and congo red

83
Q

what dye is used in a flagellar stain?

A

gray’s mordant and carbol fuschsin

Microbiology (12 decks)

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