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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

totality of physical and chemical processes that occur in a cell

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2
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of cell products (requires energy)

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3
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones (releases energy)

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4
Q

All biological reactions need the presence of a specific class of proteins called?

A

enzymes

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5
Q

What are the properties of enzymes?

A
  • become physically attached to substrate
  • participate in bonding
  • do not become part of its product
  • not used up by the chemical reaction
  • can function over and over again
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6
Q

energy of activation

A

minimum energy input necessary for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

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7
Q

energy of activation is affected by the presence of?

A

an enzyme (less if enzyme is present and more in absence)

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8
Q

What are some types of enzymes?

A
  • simple
  • protein alone
  • conjugated or holoenzyme
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9
Q

What is the protein part of the enzyme?

A

apoenzyme

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10
Q

What are complex organic molecules that several are derived from vitamins?

A

coenzymes

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11
Q

What coenzymes will prevent formation of holoenzymes affecting metabolism because of a deficiency if vitamins?

A

NAD: nictinamide adenine dinucleotide
FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide

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12
Q

What is the role of coenzymes?

A
  • carrier of functional groups
  • work with apoenzyme to perform necessary alterations in a substrate
  • removal of functional groups
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13
Q

what are the roles of cofactors?

A

-activate enzymes
help bring the active site and substrate close together
-participate directly in chemical reactions with the enzyme-substrate complex

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14
Q

What is a active or catalytic site?

A

specific region where the substrate binds to the apoenzyme and site for reaction catalysis

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15
Q

What are the steps involved in a chemical reaction?

A
  • enzyme fits substrate at the active site and forms a complex
  • bonds are formed between enzyme and substrate
  • reactions occur on the substrate
  • cofactor aids in the reaction
  • product is formed and released
  • enzyme attaches to another substrate molecule
  • cycle is repeated
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16
Q

exoenzymes

A

extra-cellular enzyme (outside)

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17
Q

endoenzyme

A

intra-cellular action (inside)

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18
Q

constitutive enzyme

A

always present and in constant amount in cell regardless the amount of substrate

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19
Q

regulated enzymes

A

-not in constant amounts in cell
-produced only when substrate is present-
turn off when substrate is absent

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20
Q

What are some factors that affect enzyme activity?

A

temperature (the higher the more unstable or labile), pH and chemicals, osmotic pressure, heavy metals

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21
Q

What is denaturation?

A

occurs when weak bonds of apoenzymes are broken

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22
Q

What happens when denaturation occurs??

A

prevents the substrate from attaching to the active site because the shape of the enzyme is distorted

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23
Q

What happens when there is a transfer reaction?

A

there is an addition or removal of functional groups

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24
Q

oxidized

A

loses, gives, or donates electrons (liberation of energy)

25
Q

reduced

A

gains, receives, or accepts electrons (gains energy)

26
Q

Which reactions are common in microbial cells and indispensable for life processes?

A

redox reactions

27
Q

What group of enzymes can remove electrons from one substrate and add them to another?

A

oxireductases

28
Q

What type of reactions proceed in a systematic, highly regulated manner that maximizes the use of available nutrients and energy?

A

metabolic reactions

29
Q

What is regulation of metabolism?

A

is the regulation of enzymes by an elaborate method of checks and balances

30
Q

metabolic reactions occur in what kind pathway?

A

multi-step series or pathway, with each step catalyzed by an enzyme

31
Q

What are some patterns of pathways?

A

linear, cyclic and branched

32
Q

competitive inhibition

A

a substance that resembles the normal substrate and can occupy the same active site

33
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

occurs when the regulator molecules does not bind to the same site as the substrate

34
Q

What enzyme has an additional regulatory site for the attachment of molecules other than the substrate and distort active site so no binding to substrate occurs without denaturation?

A

allosteric enzyme

35
Q

enzyme repression

A

excess product turns off genetic program in DNA

36
Q

enzyme induction

A

enzyme appear only when suitable substrates are present (synthesis induced by its substrate)

37
Q

If energy is released then reaction is?

A

exergonic

38
Q

If energy id absorbed than the reaction is?

A

endergonic

39
Q

aerobic respiration pathway

A

glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, and electron transport system (

40
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen

41
Q

Anaerobic repiration

A

glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, and electron transport systme

42
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

nonoxygen electron acceptors (NO3-, SO4-, Co3-)

43
Q

Fermentation pathway

A

gycolysis, and fermentation

44
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

A

organic molecules

45
Q

Glycolysis

A

oxidation or breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

46
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in every organism?

A

cytoplasm of all cells

47
Q

What does gylcolysis produce?

A

2 ATPs, 2 NADHs and 2 H20 molecules

48
Q

Where does the kreb’s cycle take place?

A

in bacteria - cytoplasm of cell

in eucaryotes - mitochondria

49
Q

Kreb’s cycle pathway?

A

Acetyl CoA, citric acid, isocitric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, Succinly CoA, Succinic acid, Fumaric acid, Malic acid, Oxaloacetic

50
Q

Where does the electron transport system take place?

A

cell membrane in bacteria

mitochondria in eukaryotes

51
Q

How many ATPs and water molecules does the ETS produce?

A

34 ATPs and 6 H2O molecules

52
Q

How many ATPs are produced in aerobic respiration in bacteria?

A

38

53
Q

chemiosmotic theory

A

explains the origin and maintenance of electro-potential gradients across a membrane that leads to ATP synthesis, by ATP synthase

54
Q

fermentation

A

the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of pyruvic acid to organic acid or alcohol or other organic compounds producing energy in the form of ATP

55
Q

What primary pathway are found in fermentation?

A

facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant, strict anaerobes

56
Q

amphibolism

A

pertains to the metabolic pathways that serve multiple functions in the breakdown, synthesis, and conversion of metabolites

57
Q

amination

A

pyruvic acid can be converted to amino acids by adding NH4

58
Q

transamination

A

an amino acid and a carbohydrate will make another amino acid and oxaloacetic acid

59
Q

deamination

A

amino acids can be used as a source of glucose releasing NH4

Microbiology (12 decks)

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