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Microbiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

procaryotic cells are only found in which two domains?

A

archaea and eubacteria

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2
Q

Do prokaryotic cells contain organelles and a nucleus?

A

no

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3
Q

What are the essential structures of a cell?

A

cell wall, membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and chromosomes (DNA)

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4
Q

What are some specific structures found in some but not all cells?

A

flagella, pili, fimbrae, capsules,slime layers, inclusions, actin skeleton, and endospores

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5
Q

What are flagella and axial used for?

A

motility function

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6
Q

What are the functions for fimbrae and pili?

A

for attachment and channel function

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7
Q

Which bacteria has has an unusual case of having amphitrichous and lophotrichous flagellar arrangement?

A

Aquaspirillum

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8
Q

What are axial filaments?

A

internal flagella enclosed on the space between the cell wall and the cell membrane

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9
Q

Where are axial filaments found?

A

spirochetes

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10
Q

What are chemotaxis bacteria?

A

bacteria move in response to chemical signals

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11
Q

What is a pilus?

A

long and thin tubular appendages made of tublar protein

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12
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

bristle like fibers emerging from the surface of many bacterial cells

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13
Q

What two bacteria are not infectious when they lack fimbraie?

A

Neisseria and E. coli

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14
Q

What is a cell envelope?

A

complex layers external to the cell protoplasm

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15
Q

What are the layers of the cell envelope?

A

cell membrane, cell wall, and glycalix

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16
Q

What develops as a surface coating of macromolecules to protect the cell?

A

glycocalix

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17
Q

Glycocalix is responsible for the colonization in what medical devices?

A

plastic catheters, intrauterine devices and metal pacemakers

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18
Q

What are two types of glycocalix?

A

slime layer and capsule

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19
Q

How does a slime layer protect a cell?

A

protects against dehydration and loss of nutrients

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20
Q

What is the structure of a slime layer?

A

lose structure, easy to remove or wash off

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21
Q

What is the structure of a capsule layer?

A

thick and gummy layer, difficult to remove

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22
Q

How does a capsule protect a cell?

A

protects against phagocytes, providing greater pathogenecity

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23
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

made of a molecule called peptidoglycan

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24
Q

What are the two glycans in cell walls?

A

N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl murmic acid

25
Q

What antibiotics disrupt the cross-links which thereby disrupting its integrity?

A

beta lactamases

26
Q

What hydrolizes the bonds of the glycan chains and cause the breaking down or lysis of the cell wall?

A

lysoymes

27
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

a differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy

28
Q

What two bacteria are gram positive but difficult to gram stain?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. Leprae

29
Q

How many layers does a gram positive bacteria have?

A

one layer of cell wall

30
Q

How many does a negative gram bacteria have?

A

two layers of cell wall with an outer membrane

31
Q

Which bacteria have no cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma (M. pneumonia)

32
Q

What is the result of lack of rigidity in cell walls?

A

pleomorphism

33
Q

What is the periplasmic space?

A

a region between the cell wall and cell membrane of a gram-negative bacteria

34
Q

What are mesosomes?

A

when cell membranes form internal folds or invaginations in the cytoplasm of G+ bacteria increasing internal space area

35
Q

What is the function of mesosomes?

A

contain digestive enzymes that assist in the destruction of harmful substances to the cell

36
Q

What percentage of phospholipids and protein does the cell membrane contain?

A

30-40% phospholipid and 60-70% protein

37
Q

The cell wall provides a site for what functions?

A

energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis

38
Q

What are some bacterial internal structures?

A

cytoplasm, chromosome, nucleoid, and plasmids

39
Q

Define cytoplasm.

A

dense fluid encased by the cell membrane; site of many of the cell’s biochemical and synthetic activites

40
Q

What are bilobed macromolecular complex of ribonucleicprotein that coordinates the codons of mRNA with tRNA anticodons and, in doing so, constitutes the peptide assembly site?

A

ribosomes

41
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

tightly coiled molecules of DNA that are the primary site of genes

42
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extrachromosomal genetic units made of double-stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicates independently of the cell membrane

43
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

for the storage of condensed, energy-rich organic substances such as glycogen and poly-beta hydrobutyrate

44
Q

What element is abundant in endospores?

A

calcium

45
Q

what are some genera of spore-producing species?

A

Bacillus, clostridium, coxiella and sporosarcina

46
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

the variation in shape due to nutrition or heredity

47
Q

What shape is Corynebacterium diphteriae?

A

club shaped

48
Q

What are key traits to identify bacterial species?

A

cell morphology, staining characteristics, presence of specialized structures, macroscopic appearance, biochemical reactions, nucleotide composition of both DNA and RNA, phylogenetic relationships and phenotypic characteristics

49
Q

What medical key traits are used to identify bacterial species?

A

gram stain, morphology, biochemical reactions, and metabolic requirements

50
Q

What is an important taxonomic system which presents the prokaryotes in five major volumes?

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

51
Q

What is Volume 1 on Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology ?

A

Domain of Archea and Bacteria

52
Q

What is volume 2 on Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology about?

A

proteobacteria (gram-negative cell wall)

53
Q

What is volume 3 on Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology about?

A

Low G + C gram positive bacteria

54
Q

What is volume 4 on Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology About?

A

High G + C gram postive bacteria

55
Q

What is volume 5 on Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology about?

A

Gram negative cell walls

56
Q

Bacteria with gram-positive and thick cell walls?

A

firmicutes

57
Q

Bacteria with gram-negative and thin cell walls?

A

gracilicutes

58
Q

Bacteria with no cell walls?

A

tenericutes

59
Q

Bacteria with unusual cell walls (Archaea)?

A

Mendoscutes

Microbiology (12 decks)

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