Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately how many years ago did Eukaryotes originate?

A

2 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How did eukaryotes evolve?

A

evolved from prokaryotes by the process of intracellular symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What microbes do eukaryotes include?

A

fungi, algae, and protozoa (not bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the endosymbiosis theory?

A

eukaryotes arose when a much larger Archea cell that have a flexible outer envelope and mesosome-like internal membranes, incorporated smaller cells that began to live and reproductive there rather than being destroyed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is the endosymbiosis theory demonstrated?

A

in lab when amoebas are infected with bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who developed the theory?

A

Dr. Lynn Margulis and current professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In what organelles has there been found relationships between eukaryotic cells and bacteria structure?

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some eukaryotic cell structures

A

appendages, flagella, cilia, glycocalix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the chemical composition of cell walls in fungi?

A

a think inner layer of polysaccharides composed of chitin or cellulose, and glycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the chemical composition of cell walls in algae?

A

cellulose, pectin, mannans; minerals (silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are eukaryotic cell membranes composed of?

A

sterols in addition to phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The membrane acts as what kind barrier?

A

selective permeable barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

dense fluid that is the pool for biochemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some characteristics of the cytoplasm?

A

supports the organelles and structures of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some organelles that the cytoplasm contains?

A

ER, golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, microtubules, and microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do eukaryotes reproduce sexually?

A

by meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do eukaryotes reproduce asexually?

A

by mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the genome located?

A

inside the nucleus and is covered by a bilayer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the nucleolus located?

A

region within the nucleus and bounded by no membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome _____ and _____.

A

production and assembly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

ingestion of material by an eukaryotic cell either in order to destroy foreign matter or for its own nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are bacteria that are able to reproduce in phagocytes or stop the action of phagocytes in humans?

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many species of fungi are there on the planet?

A

1.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many species of fungi have been classified?

A

100,000 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some types of multicellular (macroscopic) fungi?

A

mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some types of unicellar (microscopic) fungi?

A

molds and yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a saprobe?

A

degrade dead plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What enzyme degrades cellulose?

A

cellulase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why are fungi important? What are they used for?

A

important in agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industry, and making of beer, cheese, antibiotics, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is hyphae?

A

long hairs or web-like structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Septated

A

individual compartments or septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does sexual and asexual reproduction occur in hyphae?

A

by budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is mycellium?

A

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes the colony of a mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What characteristics are are used to easily recognize mycellium?

A

cottony, hairy, and velvety textures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

fungal spores are for?

A

reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do spores become active?

A

germination occurs when subtle substrate available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are some types of asexual spores?

A

sporangiospores and conidia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of asexual spore is the most common in nature?

A

conidia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some types of conidia spores?

A

arthrospores, chlamydiospores, blastospores, phiaspores, and porospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are some types of sexual spores?

A

zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 5 fungal phylum classifications?

A 
Phylum I : Zygomycota
Phylum II: Ascomycota
Phylum III: Basidiomycota
Phylum IV: Chytridomycota
Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti)
42
Q

Zygomycota sexual and asexual spores?

A

sexual spore: zygospores

asexual spore: sporangiospores and conidia

43
Q

What phylum contains mostly contains free-living saprobes?

A

zygomycota

44
Q

Ascomycota sexual and asexual spores?

A

sexual spores: ascospores

asexual spores: conidia

45
Q

What phylum contains mostly molds and yeasts?

A

Ascomycota

46
Q

Basidiomycota sexual and asexual spores?

A

sexual spores: basidia

Asexual spores: conidia

47
Q

Which phylum contains mostly plant parasites and one human pathogen?

A

basidiomycota

48
Q

Which phylum contains unusual and primitive fungi?

A

chytridomycota

49
Q

Which phylum are not pathogenic to humans but destroys frogs?

A

chytridomycota

50
Q

Which phylum only has asexual spores and no sexual spores?

A

deutromycota

51
Q

Deuteromycota asexual spores?

A

conidia

52
Q

What types of fungi are deuteromycota classified as?

A

yeasts, molds and some dimorphic, (saprobes)

53
Q

What are some types of acidic media?

A

Sabouraud agar, Emmons agar, and birdseed agar

54
Q

What are antibiotics used for?

A

inhibit the growth of bacteria

55
Q

Which toxins are lethal to humans and animals?

A

aflotoxins

56
Q

Aflotoxins are secreted by which type of fungi?

A

Aspergillus flavus

57
Q

Aflotoxins contribute to what type of cancer?

A

liver cancer

58
Q

which fungi gives off spores and toxins, that when inhaled causes many syndromes (sick building syndrome) and affects children?

A

Staphybotrys chartarum

59
Q

What kingdom provides the basis of the food web in most aquatic habitats?

A

Kingdom: protista
Subkingdom: algae

60
Q

Which subkingdom is photosynthetic and photic?

A

algae

61
Q

What gives algae their distictive colors? (brown, red, green)

A

chlorophyll a and other pigments

62
Q

how does algae reproduce?

A

reproduce asexually by fragmentation, binary fission, and mitosis

63
Q

what type of motile spores do algae have?

A

flagellum

64
Q

How much of the Earth is covered with fungal algae?

A

3/4

65
Q

What percentage of Earth’s photosynthesis is carried out by algae?

A

80%

66
Q

What are the 6 groups of algae?

A
  • Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)
  • Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)
  • Chrysophyta (diatoms or golden algae)
  • Phaeophyta (brown algae or kelps)
  • Rhodophyta (red seaweeds)
  • Chlorophyta (green algae)
67
Q

Are euglenoids unicellular or multicellular? flagellated or non-flagellated?

A

unicellular and flagellated

68
Q

What replaces the cell wall in euglenoids?

A

pellicle

69
Q

How do euglenoids move and feed?

A

using flagellum

70
Q

What pigmentation do euglenoids have?

A

chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthophyl

71
Q

Are dinoflagellates unicellular or muticellular? flagellated or non-flagellated?

A

unicellular and dual flagellated

72
Q

dinoflagellate’s cell wall is composed of?

A

cellulose or atypical cell walls

73
Q

What pigmentation do dinoflagella have?

A

chlorophyll and carotenoids

74
Q

Are diatoms unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicelluar, filamentous forms, unusual form of motility

75
Q

What is diatoms’ cell wall composed of?

A

silicon dioxide

76
Q

What pigmentation do diatoms have?

A

chlorophyll and fuxoxanthin

77
Q

Diatoms are a major component of what organism?

A

plankton

78
Q

what do diatoms store?

A

oil

79
Q

Are brown algae and kelps unicellular or multicellular?

A

multicellular with vascular system

80
Q

Up to how long can brown algae and kelps grow in length?

A

50 m (macroscopic)

81
Q

What are brown algae and kelps cell walls composed of?

A

cellulose and alginic acid

82
Q

What pigmentation do brown algae and kelps have?

A

chlorophyll, carotenoids, and fucoxanthin

83
Q

What algae is a source of emulsifiers, alginate?

A

brown algae and kelps

84
Q

are red seeweds unicellular or multicellular?

A

multicellular

85
Q

What are red seaweeds cell wall composed of?

A

cellulose

86
Q

What pigmentation does red seaweeds have?

A

chlorophyll, carotenoids, xantophyll and phycobilin

87
Q

red algae absorbs what spectrum of light?

A

blue light

88
Q

Which algae is found deeper in ocean waters?

A

red seaweeds

89
Q

What pigmentation does green algae have?

A

chlorophyll (a,b), carotenoids, and xanthophylls

90
Q

Which algae stores starch?

A

green algae

91
Q

Which sub-kingdom is the most vivid and engrossing group of microorganisms?

A

protozoa

92
Q

How many species of protozoa is there?

A

65,000 species

93
Q

Why is protozoa ecologically important?

A

important in food webs and decomposing organic matter

94
Q

What is a medical significance of protozoa?

A

hundreds of millions of people are afflicted with one of the many protozoan infections

95
Q

How are protozoan infections spread?

A

from host to host by insect vectors

96
Q

What are the major groups of protozoa?

A

Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa

97
Q

mastigophora mode of motility?

A

flagella

98
Q

sarcodina mode of motility?

A

pseudopods

99
Q

ciliophora mode of motility?

A

cilia

100
Q

apicoplexa mode of motility?

A

not well developed, produce unique reproductive structures

101
Q

What are three categories of parasitic helminths?

A

roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes

Microbiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions