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Microbiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired by the surrounding environment and used in cellular activities (metabolism and growth)?

A

microbial nutrition

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2
Q

What are some essential nutrients?

A

macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients

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3
Q

Which bacteria can assemble molecules from scratch?

A

E.coli

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4
Q

What’s the average percentage of water that cells contain?

A

70%

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5
Q

What is the most prevalent macromolecule?

A

proteins, followed by nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids

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6
Q

97% of the dry cell weight is composed of which organic compounds?

A

CHNOPS

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7
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

organisms that obtain carbon in an organic form

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8
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

organisms that obtain carbon from CO2 (inorganic gas) that is present as 0.35% in air

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9
Q

What nitrogen fixing bacteria reduces molecular nitrogen into ammonia?

A

Rhizobium

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10
Q

What percentage of nitrogen is molecular or in the air?

A

79%

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11
Q

What percentage of oxygen is in the air?

A

20%

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12
Q

What is a major component of macromolecules and water?

A

oxygen

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13
Q

What is essential for metabolism of many organisms?

A

oxygen

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14
Q

What element maintains pH level in solutions?

A

hydrogen

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15
Q

What element is a prime force in redox reactions in respiration of cells?

A

hydrogen

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16
Q

What bacteria concentrates and stores phosphate in metachromatic granules?

A

Corynebacterium diphteriae

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17
Q

In what two amino acids is sulfur found?

A

cysteine and methionine

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18
Q

Which amino acid helps determine shape and structural stability of proteins by forming unique linkages called disulfide bonds?

A

cysteine

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19
Q

What is sodium essential for?

A

cell transport

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20
Q

What is the role of potassium in a cell?

A

for protein synthesis and membrane function

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21
Q

What mineral source is a stabilizer of cell wall and structure of endospores?

A

calcium

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22
Q

What mineral is a component of chlorophyll and a stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes?

A

magnesium

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23
Q

What is iron in cytochrome proteins used for?

A

cell respiration

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24
Q

Bacteria that causes gonorrhea and meningitis grow more rapidly in the presence of what mineral?

A

iron

25
Q

Staphylococcus aureus produces toxin when iron concentration in the body is high or low?

A

low

26
Q

When is yersinia pestis more virulent in the body?

A

when iron is low in the body

27
Q

What is produced in response to low iron concentration by diphteria bacillus?

A

a toxin

28
Q

Which mineral is a regulatory element for eukaryotic genetics?

A

zinc

29
Q

Which mineral helps enzymes adhere to specific sites of DNA?

A

zinc

30
Q

What is a growth factor?

A

an organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet or growth medium to facilitate growth

31
Q

phototrophs

A

gain energy from photosynthesis

32
Q

autotrophs

A

gain energy from chemical compounds

33
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

capture energy from the light rays and transform it into chemical energy that can be used in cell metabolism

34
Q

what are chemoautrophs?

A

remove electrons from inorganic substrates such as hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, or iron and combine then with CO2 and H2

35
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds that will be utilized in respiration or fermentation with the release of energy in the form of ATP (occurs in protozoa, bacteria, and fungi)

36
Q

saprobes

A

organic matter derived from organic detritus from dead organisms

37
Q

which parasites are unable to grow outside of a living host?

A

obligate parasite

38
Q

What are some obligate parasites?

A

spirochete of syphilis and leprosy bacillus

39
Q

isotonic solution

A

environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell’s internal environment

40
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration of the external environment is lower than that of the cell’s internal environment

41
Q

hypertonic solution

A

environment has a higher solute concentration than the protoplasm forcing water out of the cell

42
Q

passive transport

A

do not generally require direct energy input from the cell

43
Q

diffusion

A

molecular movement in which atoms and molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher density to an area of lesser density

44
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

molecules bind to specialized membrane proteins (carrier)

45
Q

active transport

A

microbes must capture molecules in short supply and bring them inside the cell against a gradient but at a faster rate than passive transport

46
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

atoms or molecules are pumped into and out of the cell by specialized receptors driven by ATP or the proton motive force

47
Q

group translocation

A

an alternate system to transport molecules (sugars and amino acids) across the membrane and convert them into a metabolically useful substance

48
Q

bulk transport

A

the movement of large solids or masses of liquid enter the cell intact by engulfment and vesicle formation

49
Q

pinocytosis

A

ingestion of liquids such as oil droplets or large molecules in solution

50
Q

What are the main factors that affect microorganisms?

A

temperature, gases, pH, radiation, osmotic pressure, hydro static pressure, and other organisms

51
Q

What is the cardinal range?

A

includes minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures

52
Q

Typhus rickettsia cardinal range?

A

32-38 degrees

53
Q

Leprosy bacillus

A

33-35 degrees

54
Q

Rhinovirus

A

33-35 degrees

55
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

6-44 degrees

56
Q

which three bacteria species are essential for the polymerase chain reaction technique for DNA Tag polymerase at 65-72 degrees?

A

Thermus aquaticus, Thermococcus litoralis and Thermobaga

57
Q

what is the most common bacterial pathogen that occurs more frequent than salmonella in college campuses in the USA?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

58
Q

What bacterial pathogen is the major source of food intoxication particularly in salty food?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

59
Q

capnophiles

A

grow better at 3-10% concentration of CO2

Microbiology (12 decks)

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