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Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the word virus?

A

Pasteur (1884)

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2
Q

What two scientists showed that the cause of a tobacco disease was caused by a virus (the tobacco mosaic virus)?

A

D. Ivanovski and M. Beijerinck (1892)

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3
Q

What two scientists discovered the virus that caused the foot-mouth disease in cattle?

A

F. Loeffler and P. Frosch

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4
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A

protein shell (capsid) and nucleic acid

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5
Q

How do viruses multiply?

A

by taking control of host cell’s genetic material and regulating the synthesis and assembly of new viruses

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6
Q

About how many bacterial viruses could fit into an average bacterial cell?

A

2,000

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7
Q

About how polioviruses could be accommodated inside and average human cell?

A

50 million

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8
Q

What virus is the smallest in length?

A

parvovirsus (20 nm)

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9
Q

What virus is the largest in length

A

poxvirus (450 nm)

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10
Q

Which virus is about 500 nm in length and was isolated from Acanthamoeba?

A

mimivirus

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11
Q

How many genes does the hepatitis B virus have?

A

4 genes

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12
Q

What are some viral structures?

A

capsid, central core (nucleocapsid), envelope, spikes or peplomers

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13
Q

Capsid

A
  • protective outer shell made of protein
  • capsomer and protomer subunits
  • icosahedral
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14
Q

How many faces does a icosahedral have?

A

20 faces of equilateral triangles

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15
Q

central core structure (nucleocapsid)

A

contain DNA or RNA, some enzymes, no ribosomes

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16
Q

What are viruses lacking an envelope called?

A

naked viruses

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17
Q

What are viruses having host’s membrane called?

A

enveloped virus

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18
Q

How do viruses with an envelope differ from naked ones?

A

differ in the way that they enter and leave the host cell

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19
Q

What are spikes or peplomers?

A
  • protruding glycoprotein molecules for attachment to cell

- parts of capsids and envelopes stimulate immunological system

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20
Q

What is a type of complex virus that has a polyhedral head, helical tail and fibers for attachment to bacteria?

A

bacteriophages

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21
Q

Which viruses bud off the cell membrane or leave via the nuclear membrane, golgi apparatus, or ER?

A

enveloped viruses

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22
Q

Which enveloped viruses has a helical nucleocapsid?

A

mumps and rabies virus

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23
Q

Which enveloped viruses have icosahedral nucleocapids?

A

herpesviruses and HIV

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24
Q

Which naked virus has a helical capid?

A

plum poxvirus

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25
Q

Which naked viruses have an icosahedral capsid?

A

poliovirus and papillomavirus

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26
Q

genome definition. What does it contain?

A

the sum of genetic information carried by an organism or a virus and contain only the necessary genes needed to invade the host and redirect their activity

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27
Q

Which viruses have single stranded DNA?

A

parvovirus, geminivirus, microvirus, inovirus and plectrovirus

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28
Q

Which viruses have double stranded RNA?

A

reovirus, criptovirus, and cystovirus

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29
Q

Which virus has both double and stranded and single stranded DNA?

A

hepatitis B

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30
Q

What does the enzyme reverse transcriptase do?

A

converts RNA to DNA

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31
Q

How many super-families of animal viruses are there based on nucleic acid composition?

A

2

32
Q

How many total viral families affect humans?

A

19 (6-DNA) (13-RNA)

33
Q

6 DNA viruses

A

herpesviridae, poxviridae, adenoviridae, papovaviridae, hepadnaviridae, parvoviridae

34
Q

13 RNA viruses

A

picornavirus, calicivirus, togaviridae, flaviviridae, bunyaviridae, filoviridae, reoviridae, orthomyxoviridae, paramyxoviridae, rhabdoviridae, retroviridae, arenaviridae, and coronaviridae

35
Q

Herpesviridae

A

HSV Type I (cold sores)
HSV Type II (genital)
Epstein-Barr (EBV) mononucleosis
Varicella-zoster (VzR) rash

36
Q

Poxviridae

A

small pox

cowpox

37
Q

Adenoviridae

A

adenovirus infections

38
Q

Papovaviridae

A

human papillomavirus

39
Q

hepadnaviridae

A

Hepatitis B virus (serum hepatitis)

40
Q

parvoviridae

A

parvovirus B-19 (erythema infectiosum)

41
Q

picornaviridae

A

poliovirus
coxsackievirus (hand-foot-mouth disease)
Hepatitis A virus (short-term hepatitis)
Rhinovirus (common cold, bronchitis)

42
Q

calicivirus

A

norwalk virus (norwalk virus syndrome)

43
Q

togaviridae

A

eastern equine encephalitis virus
western equine encephalitis virus
rubella virus

44
Q

flavivirdae

A 
dengue fever virus
west nile virus
yellow fever virus
hepatitis C virus
St. Louis encephalitis virus
45
Q

bunyaviridae

A 
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus
rift valley fever virus
sin nombre virus 
bunyamwera virus (california encephalitis)
hantavirus (karean hemorrhagic fever)
46
Q

filoviridae

A

ebola virus

marburg virus

47
Q

reoviridae

A

rotavirus (gastroenteritis)

colorado tick river virus

48
Q

orthomyxoviridae

A

influenza virus

49
Q

paramyxoviridae

A

mumps virus
parainfluenza virus
measles virus
respiratory syncytial virus

50
Q

rhabdoviridae

A

lyssavirus (rabies virus)

51
Q

retroviridae

A

lentivirus (HIV, types 1 and 2, cause AIDS)

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)

52
Q

Arenaviridae

A

lassa virus (lassa fever)

53
Q

coronaviridae

A

infectious bronchitis virus
enteric corona virus
SARS virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

54
Q

What are the steps in viral multiplication?

A

adsorption, penetration, uncoating, replication or synthesis, assembly and release

55
Q

what virus attaches to acetyl-choline receptors of nerves?

A

rabies virus

56
Q

What virus attaches to a CD4 protein on certain white blood cells?

A

HIV

57
Q

What do enveloped viruses use to attach to cell receptors?

A

spikes

58
Q

What do naked viruses use adsorb to cell membrane?

A

use molecules on their capsids to adhere to cell membrane receptors

59
Q

What is penetration?

A

whole virus or just DNA or RNA penetrates the cell

60
Q

What is uncoating?

A

release of the nucleic acid in the cytoplasm of host cell

61
Q

What is replication or synthesis?

A

free viral nucleic acid exerts control over the host’s synthetic and metabolic machinery

62
Q

Where do most DNA viruses replicate and assemble?

A

the nucleus

63
Q

Where do all known viruses replicate?

A

the cytoplasm

64
Q

what is the step of release?

A

once cycle completes viral particles will exit cell

65
Q

What type of viruses are capable to enter a cell permanently alter its genetic material leading to abnormal growth resulting in tumors (cancer)?

A

oncogenic viruses

66
Q

What is a virion?

A

a fully-formed extracellular virus particle that is able to establish infection in a host

67
Q

Who discovered bacteriophages?

A

Twort and d’Herelle

68
Q

what is the lytic cyle?

A

full completion of viral infection through lysis and release of virions

69
Q

What is the lysogenic state or lysogeny?

A

is a condition in which viral DNA is inserted into the bacterial chromosome and remains inactive for an extended period of time

70
Q

What is the Delta Agent?

A

is a naked strand of RNA expressed only in the presence of hepatitis B virus?

71
Q

What is a naked strand of RNA with no capsid or coating?

A

viroids (extremely small)

72
Q

What is a group of infectious agents that are not viruses and do not have any type of nucleic acid?

A

prions

73
Q

what are the purposes for cultivating viruses?

A
  • to isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens
  • to prepare viruses for vaccines
  • to do detailed research on viral structure, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on host cells
74
Q

What are cultivation techniques?

A

in vivo and in vitro cultivation

75
Q

What is in vivo cultivation?

A

inoculation of lab-bred animals

76
Q

What is in vitro cultivation?

A

cell or tissue culture methods

77
Q

What are some current techniques for detection and verification of viruses?

A

polymerase chain reaction, serology, electron microscope, immunofluorescent microscopy, and labelled flurescent antibodies and UV light

Microbiology (12 decks)

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