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Western Civilization (Jackson Spielvogel 8th ed) > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The account of human history before there were written records

A

Prehistory

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2
Q

A complex culture that shares social and political elements

A

Civilization

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3
Q

Founders of civilization in Mesopotamia; established the city of Ur

A

Sumerians

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4
Q

Forerunner of western civilization; Southwestern Asia; located in southeast Asia and in the fertile crescent and call the land between two rivers

A

Mesopotamia

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5
Q

Forerunner of western civilization; Northeastern Africa; a country located in Northeast Africa

A

Egypt

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6
Q

Area of the Near East that has more water than the surrounding area; prime for agriculture

A

Fertile Crescent

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7
Q

Law code for Mesopotamia; enforces strict morality

A

Code of Hammurabi

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8
Q

The worship of many gods

A

Polytheism

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9
Q

Writing system that was developed in Mesopotamia (by Sumerians); wrote on clay with wedge-shaped characters

A

Cuneiform

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10
Q

Poetic and historical reflection about a king and a flood account (created in Mesopotamia)

A

Epic of Gilgamesh

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11
Q

Heart of Egypt; longest river int he world located in the Amazon; critical for agriculture

A

Nile River

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12
Q

Title given to the king of Egypt; considered to be a god; absolute ruler (no parliament)

A

Pharaoh

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13
Q

greatest accomplishment of Egyptian civilization

A

Pyramids

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14
Q

Sacred writings of Egyptian society

A

Hieroglyphics

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15
Q

method of preservation for the dead

A

Mummification

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16
Q

Key aspects of Hebrew faith, the foundation, guidelines, and teachers

A

Covenant/Law/Prophets

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17
Q

Central people of the OT

A

Hebrews

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18
Q

name of the united Hebrew kingdom, name of the northern kingdom after it splits

A

Israel

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19
Q

The three kings that united Israel

A

Saul, David, Solomon

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20
Q

The Capital city of united Israel

A

Jerusalem

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21
Q

center of Hebrew worship

A

Temple

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22
Q

name of the southern kingdom, this people replaced Hebrews, name of the worship

A

Judah/Jews/Judaism

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23
Q

In 722 BC, this group defeated the northern kingdom; Hebrews were scattered

A

Assyrians

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24
Q

in 586 BC, this group defeated the southern kingdom; some Hebrews taken into exile

A

Chaldeans/Babylonians

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25
Q

worship of one god

A

Monotheism

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26
Q

Capital of Palestine and the Assyrian Empire

A

Nineveh

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27
Q

The reason the Assyrian Empire was so powerful

A

Iron weapons

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28
Q

distinct 3D form of Assyrian art

A

Relief Sculptures

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29
Q

Capital city of the Chaldean empire

A

Babylon

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30
Q

capital cities of Persian Empire

A

Susa and Persepolis

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31
Q

Father and Son; rulers of Persia

A

Cyrus and Darius

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32
Q

non-christian religion; monotheistic; dualist (god of good, god of evil)

A

Zoroastrianism

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33
Q

east of Palestine; Semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons

A

Assyrian Empire

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34
Q

second empire; brief successor to Assyrian Empire

A

Chaldean empire

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35
Q

Indo-European-speaking people related to the Medes; successor of the Chaldean Empire

A

Persian Empire

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36
Q

Forgotten civilization; rediscovered by Arthur Evans; named after Minos, a legendary king of Crete; Bronze aged civilization that used metal for weapons

A

Minoan Civilization

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37
Q

Epic poet of the 8th century

A

Homer

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38
Q

Homer’s first epic poem about the Trojan war; focus on Greek hero Achilles and about his wrath

A

Iliad

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39
Q

Epic romance; Greek hero named Odysseus; cunning and patient; describe social conditions of dark age

A

Odyssey

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40
Q

Ancient Greek city state encompassing both an urban area and its surrounding countryside; a small but autonomous political unit where all major political and social activities were carried out centrally

A

Polis

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41
Q

Power of this city established in 5th century BC; political and militarily strong; guardian of Greece

A

Athens

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42
Q

This form of government replaced the monarchy and was suggested by cleisthenes

A

Democracy

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43
Q

Location of a battle between Persians and the Athenians; 26.2 miles from Athens to this city

A

Marathon

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44
Q

Greek democratic leader; aristocrat; incorruptible; leader during golden age of Greece

A

Pericles

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45
Q

Power of this city established in 5th century BC; political and militarily strong; guardian of Greece

A

Athens

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46
Q

Based his writing on facts; good storyteller; no physical evidence to explain why = god’s act; wrote about Persian war in 5th cen.

A

Herodotus

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47
Q

What truly happened, not what he wanted to have happen; wrote on Peloponnesian war in 6th cen; thinking about past, what can be learned

A

Thucydides

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48
Q

Dealt with universal themes; good and evil; state/family; spiritual values; individual rights

Grotesque masks; obscene jokes

A

Tragedy and Comedy

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49
Q

Ideal forms; most important is temple to gods; ideals of reason;moderation; balance; harmony

A

Classical style

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50
Q

Built between 447 and 432; located on the Acropolis in Athens; dedicated to Athena

A

Parthenon

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51
Q

Plato’s teacher; accused of corrupting youth; Q and A leading to own reasoning

A

Socrates

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52
Q

Greatest philosophers of western civ; wrote a lot; one was a pupil of the other in the Academy who later became a tutor for Alexander the Great; politically involved

A

Plato and Aristotle

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53
Q

Chief dirty and father of gods; goddess of wisdom and crafts; God of sun and poetry

A

Zeus, Apollo, Athena

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54
Q

Originally created as a way to honor the gods

A

Olympic games

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55
Q

Place where you could receive a word from the gods; name is a person at a place.

A

Oracle of Delphi

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56
Q

Taught by Aristotle. Became king of Macedonia, attacked Persian empire and won.

A

Alexander the Great

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57
Q

“To imitate Greeks,” an age that saw the extension of the Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek world of the Near East

A

Hellenism

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58
Q

Named after Alexander the Great, made to guard strategic points and supervise wide areas

A

Alexandria

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59
Q

Alexandrian scholar who is primarily known for his elements - a system of geometry

A

Euclid

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60
Q

Important for his work on the geometry of spheres and cylinders, established the mathematical constant of pi.

A

Archimedes

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61
Q

A group of people who believed that gods played no role in life; One way that thought developed Hellenistic and Roman period

A

Epicureans

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62
Q

A new way of living created by Zeno (of Athens) of virtuous living, also known as living by the rules of the gods. Believe happiness could only be found in virtue, which means essentially living in harmony with divine will

A

Stoics

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63
Q

Egyptian cult. One of the most popular mystery religions; goddess of women, marriage, and children

A

Isis

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64
Q

Leader of Jewish uprising when Jews wanted to take control of their temple again in 164 BC

A

Judas Maccabaeus

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65
Q

Jews celebrate this every year since they regained control of the temple

A

Hanukkah

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66
Q

Twin brothers who, according to legend, founded Rome in 753 BC

A

Romulus and Remus

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67
Q

Chief executive officers of the Roman Republic

A

Consuls and Praetors

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68
Q

Council of elders, select group of about three-hundred men who served for life. Could only advise magistrates

A

Senate

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69
Q

The two social division groups of the Roman Republic; Consisted of families who serve descendants from the original senators appointed during the period of the kings; “independent, unprivileged, poorer, and vulnerable men.”

A

Patricians and Plebians

70
Q

One of the chief ancient sources for the history of the early Roman Republic. Masterpiece was “History of Rome,” covering the years from the foundation of the city

A

Livy

71
Q

Largest and richest state in the area; located in northern Africa; controls the Mediterranean trade routes

A

Carthaginian Empire

72
Q

The first of these wars began when the Romans decided to intervene in a struggle between two Sicilian cities by sending an army to Sicily

A

Punic Wars

73
Q

The greatest Carthaginian general from the Second Punic War

A

Hannibal

74
Q

A restriction of freedom and the practice of owning someone’s life; Romans possessed people who worked for them, but were still treated like family

A

Slavery

75
Q

The foundations of Roman law

A

Twelve Tables

76
Q

Best exemplar of the literary and intellectual interests for the senatorial elite of the late Republic and, indeed, the greatest prose writer of that period.

A

Cicero

77
Q

A theater or stadium; Magnificent architecture

A

Coliseum

78
Q

Powerful, influential leader in the republic, reformer, “dictator for life”

A

Julius Caesar

79
Q

Rival of Antony and Cleopatra; wanted to follow Caesar; close in relation to Caesar; young; Caesar Augustus; Senate game him the name Augustus; becomes one of Rome’s most powerful leaders in its history

A

Octavian

80
Q

Wanted to be successor of Caesar; experience. Became allies against Octavian. Defeated by Octavian.

A

Antony and Cleopatra

81
Q

9,000 men that guarded the person of the princeps (military commander)

A

Praetorian Guard

82
Q

Distinguished poet of the Augustan Age; poet of Aeneid; Son of a small landholder in northern Italy

A

Virgil

83
Q

Augustan poet and friend of Virgil

A

Horace

84
Q

The last of the great poets of the golden age. Belonged to a youthful, privileged social group in Rome that like to ridicule Roman values

A

Ovid

85
Q

One of the chief ancient sources for the history of the early Roman Republic. Masterpiece was “History of Rome,” covering the years from the foundation of the city

A

Livy

86
Q

Writer of the silver age who was influenced greatly by Stoicism

A

Seneca

87
Q

Emperor before Constantine. Did not want Christians to get in the way of a perfect nation. Leader when the Roman Empire split into four.

A

Diocletian

88
Q

Leader that reunited the Roman empire; Saw a cross of light in the sky and the words “By this, you will conquer.” He believed in the Lord (XP was his symbol because they were the initials for Jesus Christ)

A

Constantine

89
Q

Militant extremists who advocated the violent overthrow of Roman rule

A

Zealots

90
Q

Refusing to participate in laws/traditions important to the state, punishable by death. The act of betraying a promise.

A

Treason

91
Q

Aristocratic woman who converted to Christianity, was one in a group of Christians who were slaughtered by wild beasts

A

Perpetua

92
Q

Any peaceful religion will be tolerated; signed by Constantine (313)

A

Edict of Milan

93
Q

Under King Theodoric, this group of people marched into Italy, killed Odoacer, and established control of Italy in 493

A

Ostrogoths

94
Q

Crossed the Danube into German territory and settled down as Roman allies. Were treated poorly by Roman officials so they revolted and defeated the Romans in 378.

A

Visigoths

95
Q

Created a Kingdom in Germany

A

Franks

96
Q

Bishops of the Catholic Church

A

Pope

97
Q

Pope who took charge of Rome and made it into an administrative unit that came to be known as the Papal States

A

Gregory I

98
Q

A person who sought to live a life divorced from the world, cut off from ordinary human society, in order to pursue an ideal of godliness or total dedication to the will of God

A

Monk

99
Q

Egyptian peasant who decided to follow Jesus’ injunction in the Gospel of Mark, “Go on your way, sell whatsoever you have, and give to the poor, and you shall have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the cross, and follow me.”

A

Anthony

100
Q

Founded a monastic life in the western Christian Church

A

Benedict

101
Q

A Greek and Christian civilization that would last until 1453. Built on Faith in Jesus that was shared by almost all of its citizens. Had an enormous amount of artistic talent poured into the construction of churches, ceremonies, and decoration

A

Byzantine Empire

102
Q

Born in Mecca to a merchant family and orphaned at the age of five. Began to experience visions that he believed were inspired by Allah. Believed that Allah had revealed himself through Jesus and Moses. Wrote the Qur’an through these visions, which contain guidelines by which followers of Allah were to live.

A

Muhammad

103
Q

The religion that Muhammad made up

A

Islam

104
Q

King of the Franks; expanded the Carthaginian empire

A

Charlemagne

105
Q

Pope who rebelled against his authority and fled to Charlemagne’s courts; placed a crown on Charlemagne’s head and declared him emporer

A

Leo III

106
Q

Warriors swore and oath of loyalty to their leaders and in turn they cared for his needs

A

Lord and Vassal

107
Q

Frankish army used large horses and the stirrup was introduced. Wore armored coats of mail and wielded long lances that enabled them to act as bettering rams

A

Knights

108
Q

Peasants bound to the land and required to provide labor services, pay rent, and be subject to the lord’s jurisdiction.

A

Serfs

109
Q

Indo-European-speaking people who came to eastern Europe from the southeast

A

Slavs

110
Q

Developed Orthodox Christian church services that were later embraced by the Slavonic people. Created Slavonic alphabet and translated the bible.

A

Cyril and Methodius

111
Q

Rus ruler that married the Byzantine emperor’s sister and accepted Christianity for himself and his people. Cruel and vicious man who believed an established church would be helpful in the development of an organized state

A

Vladimir

112
Q

Capital of the Umayyad caliphate in Spain. Was the largest city after Constantinople

A

Cordoba

113
Q

Texts on this were brought from India. China developed the process of making paper. Islamic civilization saved and spread the scientific and philosophical works of ancient civilizations.

A

Mathematic

114
Q

Pulled by 6 or 8 oxen or horses to make plowing faster

A

Iron Plow

115
Q

Estates split into three. Pall seeds planted for winter grains, spring grains, and third fertile crescent.

A

Three-field System

116
Q

All classes were taught in this language, which provided a common mean of communication for students, regardless of their country of origin

A

Latin

117
Q

Baptism, communion, rights considered, imperative for a Christian’s salvation

A

Sacraments

118
Q

Residence of noble family, retainers, servants and high defensible fortifications.

A

Castles

119
Q

Cathedrals of the eleventh and twelfth centuries were built with this style in mind

A

Romanesque

120
Q

A symbol for medieval people’s preoccupation with God

A

Gothic Cathedrals

121
Q

An army of knights under king William of Normandy landed on the coast of England and defeated King Harold

A

Battle of Hastings

122
Q

Had a clear goal of expanding the jurisdiction of royal courts. King of England in the twelfth century. Founder of the Plantagenet dynasty.

A

Henry II

123
Q

Archbishop of Canterbury and therefore the highest-ranking English cleric. Claimed that only church courts could try clerics.

A

Thomas Becket

124
Q

During the reign of Edward I the English version of this emerged. In need of money, Edward invited two knights from every county and two residents from each town to meet with the Great Council to consent to new taxes.

A

Parliament

125
Q

The first French Parliament

A

Estates-General

126
Q

Frederick I planned to get his chief revenues from Italy as the center a “holy empire” as he called it.

A

Holy Roman Empire

127
Q

The nobleman who ruled over society in the middle ages

A

King (monarchy)

128
Q

The practice by which secular rulers both chose and invested their nominees to church offices with they symbols of their office

A

Lay investiture

129
Q

Believed that he, as pope, was the supreme judge of European affairs

A

Pope Innocent III

130
Q

The pope’s major advisers and administrators

A

Cardinal

131
Q

Founded the Franciscan friars. Lived among the people, preaching repentance and aiding the poor.

A

Francis of Assisi

132
Q

Dominicans arose out to the desire of a Spanish priest to defend church teachings from heresy

A

Dominic

133
Q

Men and women who, through their holiness, had achieved a special position in heaven, enabling them to act as intercessors before God

A

Saints

134
Q

Virgin Mary Occupied the foremost position in the High Middle Ages. Viewed as the most important mediator with her son, Jesus, as the judge of all sinners

A

Virgin Mary

135
Q

Usually the bones of saints or objects intimately connected to saints that were considered worthy of veneration by the faithful

A

Relics

136
Q

Believed in a dualistic system in which good and evil were seperate and distinct. The good things, including our souls, were created by God. The bad things, including our bodies, were created by Satan

A

Cathars/Albigensians

137
Q

Jews were accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells, so persecution of Jews began

A

Anti-semitism

138
Q

Military campaign in defense of Christianity

A

Crusades

139
Q

Distinguished nun of Germany

A

Cardinal Hildegard of Bingen

140
Q

Asia to Europe had the bubonic plague that was spread by the black rats infested with fleas

A

Black Death

141
Q

King Philip VI of France seized Gascony in 1337, the duke of Gascony (King Edward III of England) declared war on Philip. War between England and France.

A

Hundred Years’ War

142
Q

Experienced visions that made her believe that her favorite saints commanded her to free France and have the dauphin crowned king. She brought the war to a decisive turning point, but did not live to see the end of the war. She was brought up on charges of witchcraft and burned at the stake. Was later made saint of the Roman Catholic Church

A

Joan of Arc

143
Q

The representatives of the Shires and Boroughs who were considered less important than the lay and ecclesiastical lords, held collective meetings to decide policy

A

House of Commons

144
Q

The great council of barons evolved into a body composed of the chief bishops and abbots of the realm and aristocratic peers whose position in Parliament was hereditary

A

House of Lords

145
Q

Document that instated 4 princes and 3 ecclesiastical rulers who served as electors

A

Golden Bull

146
Q

The northern Italian State had grown rich from commercial activity in the eastern Mediterranean and northern Europe

A

Republic of Venice

147
Q

Part of the Holy Roman Empire but close to France. Many cardinals and the pope lived here which led to highly vocal criticism of both clergy and papacy in the fourteenth century

A

Avignon

148
Q

Urban VI and Clement VII were both crowned as pope. This caused great division in the church; Crisis in the late medieval church when there were 3 popes

A

Great Schism

149
Q

Saintly demeanor and claims of visions from God. Led the city of Florence to send her on a mission to Pope Gregory XI in Avignon. She told the pope that God has given him authority and he accepted it, so he must use it. Otherwise he should resign since it’d be more honorable to God. Gregory XI returned to Rome and died soon after.

A

Catherine of Sienae

150
Q

Wrote the Divine Comedy, a poem

A

Dante Alighieri

151
Q

Wrote a collection of stories called The Canterbury Tales

A

Geoffrey Caucer

152
Q

Time-keeping devices

A

Clock

153
Q

Made by Europeans with gunpowder

A

Cannon

154
Q

rebirth of classical culture

A

Renaissance

155
Q

A commercial and military league all throughout Europe that traded with Germany.

A

Hanseatic League

156
Q

Greatest banking family in Europe

A

Medici

157
Q

Written for the people of the court, nobility, and elite. Talks about what the personality/preparation/background of someone who is going to serve as a leader in society.

A

Book of the Courtier

158
Q

Lay central in Italy which was mainly under control of the popes.

A

Italian States

159
Q

Capital city of France

A

Florence

160
Q

Wrote The Prince - written for princes/dukes/rulers. About political philosophy, what the lifestyle of a leader should be, and emphasized separation of church and state. Entered Florence after Medici was expelled and made numerous diplomatic missions

A

Niccolo Machiavelli

161
Q

Italian poet; father of Italian renaissance humanism

A

Petrarch

162
Q

Aided development of printing; movable typed Bible

A

Johannes Gutenberg

163
Q

Innovators; they wanted to be known and making a living for their art and be recognized for it, whereas before the art was just meant for the church; Leonardo Da Vinci; Raphael; Michelangelo were crucial

A

Renaissance Artists

164
Q

Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

A

Leonardo Da Vinci

165
Q

The School of Athens; painting with Plato and Aristotle; known for his frescoes in the Vatican Palace

A

Raphael

166
Q

Created David; The Descent from the Cross (three men helping Christ down from the cross - one of the men’s faces is the artists, which is something that would never happen with Medieval art). Known for the Sistine Chapel

A

Michelangelo

167
Q

Northern artist who was greatly affected by the Italians; from Nurembag

A

Albrecht Durer

168
Q

Prince of Russia, established the state of Moscow

A

Ivan III

169
Q

Eastern Europe led by Constantinople

A

Byzantine Empire

170
Q

Created wars, called for the reform in Bohemia when Lollard traveled to English-Bohemia

A

John Hus

Western Civilization (Jackson Spielvogel 8th ed) (14 decks)

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