Final (Ch. 13-30) Flashcards
Major goal was the reform of Christendom. Sparked by Martin Luther in 16th cen. Europe.
Christian Humanism
The most influential of all the Christian humanists. He was a Dutch-born scholar who withdrew from a monastery and wandered to France, England, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, conversing everywhere.
Erasmus
Author of The Imitation of Christ
Thomas a Kempis
Born in Germany on November 10, 1483. His father wanted him to become a lawyer so he enrolled him in the University of Erfurt. He was not content with law school, as he didn’t feel that was where he was being called. He was caught in a violent thunderstorm and vowed that if he survived, he would become a monk. And so he did. He received his doctorate in theology in 1512 and became a professor at the University of Wittenberg. Became the leader of the Protestant and Lutheran Church.
Martin Luther
Luther’s idea that justification is the act by which a person is made deserving of salvation. The Bible and this idea were the sole authorities in religious affairs.
Justification by Faith
Luther’s writing about what the Papacy should and should not be doing.
95 Theses
Ordained a priest in 1506. His preaching of the gospel caused such unrest that the city council held a public debate in the town hall. His party was accorded the victory. Sought an alliance with Martin Luther. He was wounded in battle and found by his enemies. They killed him, cut up his body, burned it, and scattered the ashes. This was the Swiss Civil War of 1531. Luther warned this man of his beliefs and when this guy died, Luther remarked that “he got what he deserved.”
Ulrich Zwingli
Advocated adult rather infant baptism. No one, they believed, should be forced to accept the Bible as truth. Their ideas frightened Zwingli and they were expelled from their city in 1523.
Anabaptists
English reformation was initiated by him. He wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she failed to produce a male heir. And he had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine. Anne was unwilling to be only the king’s mistress. He divorced his wife, married Anne and she bore a daughter, Elizabeth. When he died, he did have an underage and sick son from his third wife, named Edward VI
King Henry VIII
A Protestant liturgy
Book of Common Prayer
Stood very close to Luther in important doctrines
John Calvin
A masterful synthesis of Protestant though that immediately secured Calvin’s reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin’s idea that God had predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate)
Predestination
Calvinist reform of Scotland, called Geneva “the most perfect school of Christ on earth.” Missionaries, following Calvin’s lead, were trained in Geneva and sent to all parts of Europe
John Knox
Founded by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola. Were active on behalf of the Catholic faith. Established well-disciplined schools, believing that thorough education of young people was crucial to combat the advance of Protestantism
Jesuits
Could not be a real soldier, so he became a soldier of God. He trained through going to school, prayer, pilgrimages, and working out a spiritual program. Founded Jesuits.
Ignatius Loyola
The books so condemned were considered heretical, dangerous to morals, or otherwise objectionable. Was published by authority of the Holy Office. After the Second Vatican Council its publication was discontinued, but a new set of regulations was published by the Holy See
Index of Forbidden Books
Paul III formally recognized the Jesuits and summoned this gathering.
Council of Trent
French Calvinists
Huguenots
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Under her rule, England rose to prominence.
Queen Elizabeth
16th cen. new age of world history
Age of Expansion
Went on a journey to the court of Mongol ruler, Khubilai Khan in 1271. He kept an account of his experiences, the Travels.
Marco Polo
an elaborate inclinometer, historically used by astronomers and navigators, to measure the inclined position in the sky of a celestial body, day or night. It can thus be used to identify stars or planets, to determine local latitude given local time and vice versa, to survey, or to triangulate. It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and the Renaissance
Astrolabe
Portugal took the lead in the European age of expansion when it began to explore the coast of Africa under the sponsorship of this man (1394-1460).
Prince Henry the Navigator
Rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
Bartholomeu Dias
10 years after another man did, this guy rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at several ports controlled by Muslim merchants along the coast of East Africa. His fleet then crossed the Arabian Sea and arrived in India and announced that he was in search of Christians and spices
Vasco de Gama
Prominent trade routes went through these towns
Goa and Macao
Italian exploring for the Spanish, he persuaded Queen Isabella that Asia could be reached by going straight east. She sponsored him and with three ships, the Santa Maria, the Nina, and the Pinta, and a crew of ninety men, this person set sail on August 3, 1492, and reached the Bahamas by October 12.
Christopher Columbus
A Florentine, accompanied several voyages and wrote a series of letters describing the geography of the New World. The name of America was influenced by him.
Amerigo Vespucci
In 1519, passed through the straight named after him in South America, he sailed across the Pacific Ocean. His fleet completed a trip across the world.
Ferdinand Magellan
1494, divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence, and it turned out that most o South America fell within the Spanish sphere
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spanish conquerors
Conquistadors
Lived in the Yucatan Peninsula of Central America. Built splendid temples and pyramids, were accomplished artists, and developed a sophisticated calendar
Maya
Lived in the Valley of Mexico, now the location of Mexico City. They built their city, constructing temples, other public buildings, houses, and linked islands to the mainland. Were outstanding warriors. Ruled much of Mexico and as far south as Guatemala.
Aztec
Small community in the area of Cuzco in the mountains of Peru, this empire included around 12 million people. These people were great builders, as they built roads (24,800 miles of them) and bridges
Inca
Spanish expedition leader, landed at Ceracruz on the Gulf of Mexico. He made alliances with city-states that had tired of the oppressive rule of the Aztecs.
Hernan Cortes
Landed on the Pacific
Francisco Pizarro
A European disease that devastated entire villages
Smallpox
a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country
Missionaries
Number of African slaves transported to the Americas between the early 16 and 19 cen
10 million
a perennial tropical grass with tall stout jointed stems from which a certain product can be extracted. The fibrous residue can be used as fuel, in fiberboard, and for a number of other purposes.
Sugarcane
granted it a 21-year monopoly on Dutch spice trade. It is often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stock. The largest and most valuable corporation in history, it possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies.
Dutch East India Company
Individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investment while a board of directors ran the company and made the important business decisions
Joint-stock Trading Company
a market in which securities are bought and sold
Stock Exchange
significant economic force in the 16th century.
Commercial Capitalsim
the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.
Mercantilism
The reciprocal and importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas
Colombian Exchange
Tries to show the true shape of the landmasses, but only in a limited area.
Mercator Projection
the historical process in which religion loses social and cultural significance.
Secularization
Practice that had been part of traditional village culture for centuries but came to be viewed as sinister and dangerous.
witchcraft
Germanic lands of the Holy Roman Empire as a struggle between Catholic forces, led by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors and Calvinist nobles in Bohemia.
Thirty year’s war
More than 300 states made up this empire
Holy Roman Empire
Absolute monarchy
Absolutism
King Louis XIII’s chief minister from 1624-1642, initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy
Cardinal Richelieu
The first part of this man’s reign reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideas. These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics. Took the throne when he was four.
King Louis XIV of France
Was the seat of political power in the Kingdom of France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved the royal court from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789, within three months after the beginning of the French Revolution. This placeis therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime..
Palace of Versailles
a historic state originating out of the Duchy and the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Prussia (Hohenzollern)
a German princely family, prominent since the 13th century, that has furnished sovereigns to the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Spain, etc.
Austria (Hapsburg)
the second dynasty, after the House of Rurik, to rule over Russia, and reigned from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.
Russia (Romanov)
a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
Dutch Republic
the first ruler to take the title of tsar, expanded the territories of Russia eastward.
Ivan IV
After Ivan IV’s rule
Time of Troubles
Tall, strong ruler, enjoyed crude jokes and vicious punishments. Made a trip to the west and returned to Russia with a firm determination to westernize his realm. Admired European technology and gadgets and desired to transplant these to Russia.
Peter the Great
A place where men and women could meet, dance, play games, and enjoy conversation together, a unique idea Peter learned in the West.
St. Petersburg
Brought the Ottoman Empire back to Europe’s attention.
Suleiman the Magnificent
Protestants in the Anglican Church inspired by Calvinist theology.
Puritans
A war that went from 1642-1651. stemmed from conflict between Charles I and Parliament over an Irish insurrection.
English Civil War
a dedicated Puritan who formed the New Model Army and defeated the forces supporting King Charles I. Unable to work with Parliament, he came to rely on military force to rule England.
Oliver Cromwell
the end of the seventeenth-century struggle between king and Parliament.
Glorious Revolution
Twelve amendments to the constitution, only ten were ratified by the states.
Bill of Rights
lived during the English Civil War, alarmed by the revolutionary upheavals in his contemporary England.
Thomas Hobbes
Theory of knowledge had a great impact on eighteenth century intellectuals. Denied Descartes’ belief in innate ideas. Argued that every person was born with a blank mind. Author of a political work called Two Treatises of Government, viewed the exercise of political power quite differently from Hobbes. This man believed that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war.
John Locke
Replaced Mannerism, began in Italy in the last quarter of the sixteenth century and spread to the rest of Europe. Embraced by Catholic reform movement.
Baroque
Great Protestant Painter of the seventeenth century; A prolific and versatile master across three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history.
Rembrandt van Rijn
Play writer
William Shakespeare
Wrote, produced, and acted in a series of comedies that often satirized the religious and social world of his time.
Jean-Baptist Moliere
The transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.
Scientific Revolution
a Greco-Egyptian writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology
Claudius Ptolemy
Studied mathematics and astronomy at Krakow in Poland, published his famous book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Heliocentric conception was his idea (sun-centered universe).
Nicolaus Copernicus
Astrologer, the universe was constructed on the basis of geometric figures. Derived laws of planetary motion that confirmed the heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler
taught mathematics. The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope.
Galileo Galilei
Attended Cambridge University. Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The laws of gravity. Developed the beginning of the Scientific Method.
Isaac Newton
Attended Cambridge University and earned a doctorate in medication. Demonstrated in his book On the Motion of the Heart and Blood that the heart is the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body and that same blood flows through arteries and veins.
William Harvey
Primary figure in the Scientific Revolution. Frenchman that decided that he would accept only things that his reason said were true.
Rene Descartes
Frenchman who sought to keep science and religion united.
Blaise Pascal
Developed the scientific method and empiricism
Francis Bacon
The practice of relying on observation and experiment.
Empiricism
Descartes is known as the father of this. A system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge.
Rationalism
An eighteenth century intellectual movement, led by the philosophes, which stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life.
Enlightenment
the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life
Reason
literary people, professors, journalists, statesmen, economists, political scientists, and social reformers. Came from both the nobility and the middle class.
Philosophes
wrote The Spirit of the Laws a comparative study of governments in which he attempted to apply the scientific method to the social and political arena to ascertain the “natural laws” governing the social relationships of human beings.
Montesquieu
The greatest figure of the enlightenment. Studied law, but wished to be a writer and achieved his first success as a playwright.
Voltaire
Wrote the Encyclopedia.
Denis Diderot
Belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws.
Deism
Founder of modern discipline of economics.
Adam Smith
the idea of “Let the people do as they choose”
Laissez-faire
Almost entirely self-educated, born in Switzerland, spent his youth wandering and holding various jobs. He believed that what was best for all was best for each individual.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau wrote this treatise, written in the form of a novel about the education of children.
Emile
wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Argued that there were contradictions in the views of women held by such Enlightenment thinkers as Rousseau. Women must obey men, was contrary to the beliefs of the same individuals that a system based on the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects or slave owners over their slaves was wrong.
Mary Wollstonecroft
An eighteenth century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm
Rococo
Born in Germany, wrote music for large public audiences and was not adverse to writing huge, unusual-sounding pieces.
George Frederick Handel
Born in Austria, was a child prodigy who gave his first harpsichord concert at 6 and wrote his first opera at 12.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Celebrated in the weeks leading up the beginning of lent. This was a time of great indulgence.
Carnival
Founded a religious movement that came to be known as Methodism, loved to preach to the masses.
John Wesley
sovereign country in western Europe; is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance
United Kingdom of Great Britian
King of Great Britain and Ireland; His life and with it his reign, which were longer than any other British monarch before him, were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia
George III
Known as the Great, was one of the best-educated and most cultured monarchs in the eighteenth century.
Frederick II
Russian Leader. An intelligent woman who was familiar with the works of the philosophies. She claimed that she wished to reform Russia along the lines of Enlightenment ideas, but she was always shrewd enough to realize that her success depended on the support of the palace guard and not the gentry class from which it stemmed
Catherine II
Habsburg leader. Determined to make changes, at the same time, he carried on his mother (Maria Theresa)’s chief goal of enhancing Habsburg power within the monarchy and Europe. Earnest man who believed in the need to sweep away anything standing in the path of reason
Joseph II
Catherine developed a policy of favoring the landed nobility and that led to even worse conditions for the Russian Peasants and provoked a rebellion beginning in 1773. Led by an illiterate Cossack
Pugachev’s Rebellion
took place towards the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of the sovereign Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
Partitions of Poland
Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia and prepared for its return by rebuilding her army while working diplomatically to separate Prussia from this chief ally, France
Seven Years’ War
Signed on July 4, 1776, this document declared independence from Great Britain. “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”
Declaration of Independence
