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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first structure in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea

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2
Q

What happens at the level of the C6 vertebra?

A

Larynx becomes trachea and pharynx becomes oesophagus

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3
Q

Where can the trachea be palpated?

A

Jugular notch of the manubrium

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4
Q

What is anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4?

A

Isthmus of the thyroid gland

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5
Q

What do the pleura secrete and why?

A

Pleural fluid to lubricate and provide surface tension

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6
Q

Where is the pleural fluid found?

A

In the pleural cavity

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7
Q

Where do the lungs develop from?

A

Mediastinum and out

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8
Q

What does each lobar bronchi supply with air?

A

A lung lobe

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9
Q

What do each segmental bronchi supply?

A

A bronchopulmonary segment

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10
Q

Each lung has how many bronchopulmonary segments?

A

10

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11
Q

What are ribs 1-7 known as and where do they attach?

A

True ribs- costal cartilage to sternum

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12
Q

What are ribs 8-10 known as and where do they attach?

A

False ribs- costal cartilage above to sternum

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13
Q

What are ribs 11-12 known as and where do they attach?

A

Floating ribs- no attachment to sternum

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14
Q

What is the common cartilage bar which attaches the false ribs to the sternum known as?

A

Costal margin

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15
Q

Where does the head of the rib articulate with?

A

Body of vertebrae

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16
Q

Where does the rib tubercle articulate with?

A

Transverse process of vertebra

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17
Q

What is the name of the joint which connects the sternum to the cartilage and what type of joint is it?

A

Sternocostal joints (synovial)

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18
Q

What is the name of the joint which connects the rib end to the cartilage?

A

Costochondral

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19
Q

What is the name of the joints which connect the ribs to the vertebrae?

A

Costovertebral

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20
Q

What are the three layers of skeletal muscle located between the ribs and in intercostal spaces?

A

External, internal and innermost

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21
Q

How do the intercostal muscles make the chest wall expand?

A

Pull ribs upwards and outwards

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22
Q

How many pairs of intercostal spaces are there?

A

11

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23
Q

Each intercostal space contains a neurovascular bundle. Where specifically are these found?

A

Between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

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24
Q

From superior to inferior, what order do the contents of the neurovascular bundle run in?

A

Vein, artery, nerve (VAN)

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25
Q

What is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces?

A

Intercostal nerve- anterior ramus of a spinal nerve

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26
Q

What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the intercostal spaces POSTERIORLY?

A

Arterial supply- thoracic aorta

Venous drainage- azygous vein

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27
Q

What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the intercostal spaces ANTERIORLY?

A

Arterial supply- internal thoracic artery

Venous drainage- internal thoracic vein

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28
Q

What do the intercostal arteries supply?

A

Chest wall

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29
Q

Where do intercostal arteries arise from?

A

Bilaterally from the thoracic aorta

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30
Q

What do the bronchial arteries supply and where do they arise from?

A

Supply lung tissue, arise from the anterior surface of the thoracic aorta

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31
Q

The muscular part of the diaphragm attaches to where?

A

Sternum, lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages, L1-3 vertebrae

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32
Q

The muscular part of the diaphragm is supplied by what?

A

Phrenic nerve- C3, 4, 5 (anterior rami)

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33
Q

Where are the phrenic nerves found in the neck?

A

Anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle

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34
Q

Where are the phrenic nerves found in the chest?

A

Descending over the lateral aspects of the heart

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35
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply to the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium?

A

Somatic sensory and sympathetic axons

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36
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply just to the diaphragm?

A

Somatic motor axons

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37
Q

Lymph from the lateral quadrants of the breast drain where?

A

Unilaterally to axillary nodes

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38
Q

Lymph from medial quadrants of the breast drain where?

A

Bilaterally to parasternal nodes

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39
Q

Where is the sternal angle?

A

At the level of rib 2

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40
Q

What vein is found in the delto-pectoral groove?

A

Cephalic vein

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41
Q

What nerve supplies the serratus anterior? If this is damaged what can it cause?

A

Long thoracic nerve, damage can cause a winged scapula

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42
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor attach?

A

Between coracoid process of scapula and ribs 3-5

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43
Q

Where does the Scalenus anterior attach?

A

Cervical vertebrae to the 1st rib

44
Q

What part of the pleural cavity is found between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura?

A

Costophrenic recess

45
Q

What is the most inferior part of the costophrenic recess?

A

Costophrenic angle

46
Q

Where is the lung apex auscultated?

A

Superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle

47
Q

Where is the right middle lobe auscultated?

A

Between right ribs 4 and 6 in the mid-clavicular and mid-axillary lines

48
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure found?

A

Right rib 4

49
Q

Where are the oblique fissures found?

A

Anteriorly- rib 6

Posteriorly- T3

50
Q

Where should the lung base be auscultated?

A

Scapular line at T11 vertebra

51
Q

Coughing is stimulated by sensory receptors found where?

A

Oropharyngeal, laryngopharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa

52
Q

What sensory receptors are stimulated in sneezing?

A

CN V or IX

53
Q

What sensory receptors are stimulated in coughing?

A

CN IX or X

54
Q

What are carotid sheaths and where are they found?

A

Protective tubes of cervical deep fascia which attach to the bones of the base of the skull

55
Q

What do the carotid sheaths contain?

A

Vagus nerve, internal carotid artery, common carotid artery, internal jugular vein

56
Q

What makes up the pulmonary plexus?

A

Sympathetic axons, parasympathetic axons, visceral afferents

57
Q

Motor axons travel from the tracheal bifurcation to supply what?

A

All mucus glands and bronchiolar smooth muscles

58
Q

Where do pulmonary visceral afferents travel?

A

Follow vagus nerve to the medulla of the brainstem

59
Q

What does the phrenic nerve do differently in order to produce a deep inspiration?

A

Produces a greater outflow of action potentials of longer duration

60
Q

The intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?

A

T1-11

61
Q

What are the accessory muscles of deep forced inspiration?

A

Pec major, pec minor, sternocleidomastoid and Scalenus anterior/medius/posterior

62
Q

Where does the pectoralis major attach?

A

Between sternum/ribs and humerus

63
Q

Where does the SCM muscle attach?

A

Sternum/clavicle and the mastoid process of the temporal bone

64
Q

What type of muscle are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Skeletal

65
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx supplied by?

A

Somatic motor branches of the vagus nerve

66
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do to the vocal cords during a cough?

A

Adduct

67
Q

Where does the vagus nerve connect with the CNS?

A

Medulla

68
Q

Where does the vagus nerve pass through the base of the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

69
Q

The vagus nerve supplies somatic sensory to the ? of the larynx and somatic motor to the ? of the larynx?

A

Sensory- mucosa

Motor- intrinsic muscle

70
Q

Where is the vagus nerve found in the chest?

A

Descending posterior to the lung root

71
Q

The vagus nerve supplies parasympathetic axons to the lungs via what?

A

Pulmonary plexus

72
Q

The vagus nerve passes through the diaphragm attached to what?

A

Oesophagus

73
Q

What other muscles contract in a deep inspiration to increase intra-thoracic pressure?

A

Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

74
Q

Where do the aponeurosis of the external obliques meet?

A

Midline linea alba

75
Q

Where does the right external oblique attach superiorly?

A

Superficial aspects of lower ribs

76
Q

Where does the right external oblique attach inferiorly?

A

Anterior part of iliac crest and pubic tubercle

77
Q

Where does the right internal oblique attach superiorly?

A

Inferior border of the lower ribs

78
Q

Where does the right internal oblique attach inferiorly?

A

Iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of lower back

79
Q

Where does the transversus abdominus attach superiorly?

A

Deep aspect of the lower ribs

80
Q

Where does the trasversus abdominus attach inferiorly?

A

Iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of lower back

81
Q

The somatic motor, sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres supplying the abdominal wall are conveyed within what?

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves

82
Q

What nerves become the thoracoabdominal nerves and where?

A

7-11 intercostal nerves become thoracoabdominal nerves as they branch in the plane between the internal oblique and transversus abdominus

83
Q

What makes up the subcostal nerve?

A

T12 anterior ramus

84
Q

What is made from the two halves of the L1 anterior rami?

A

Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

85
Q

A breach in the visceral pleura allows what?

A

Alveolar air to enter the pleural cavity

86
Q

Dynamic airway compression in asthma makes what difficult?

A

Expiration

87
Q

What are the two causes of a pneumothorax?

A

Penetrating injury to the parietal pleura or rupture of the visceral pleura

88
Q

What will a pneumothorax show on examination?

A
  • Reduced breath sounds and chest expansion

- Hyper-resonant percussion

89
Q

What will a deviated trachea cause?

A

SVC compression which leads to hypotension

90
Q

What is the first step management for a large pneumothorax?

A

Needle aspiration (thoracentesis)

91
Q

What is the second step management for a large pneumothorax?

A

Chest drain via the 4th or 5th intercostal space in the midaxillary line

92
Q

What is the emergency treatment for a tension pneumothorax?

A

Large cannula inserted into the pleural cavity via the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space midclavicular line

93
Q

What two factors are required for a hernia to form?

A

Weakness of one body structure and increased pressure on one side of this

94
Q

Where are the normal anatomical weaknesses of the diaphragm?

A

At the xiphoid and posterior attachments

95
Q

What happens in a paraoesophageal hiatus hernia?

A

Herniated part of the stomach passes through the oesophageal hiatus to become parallel to the oesophagus in the chest

96
Q

What happens in a sliding hiatus hernia?

A

The herniated part of the stomach slides through the oesophageal hiatus into the chest with the gastro-oesophageal junction

97
Q

Where does the inguinal ligaments range from?

A

ASIS to pubic tubercle

98
Q

The inguinal ligaments are the inferior borders of what?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

99
Q

What is the entrance and exit to the inguinal canals?

A

Entrance- deep ring

Exit- superficial ring

100
Q

The superficial ring lies superiolateral to what?

A

Pubic tubercle

101
Q

Where is the deep ring located?

A

Superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

102
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain in adults?

A

Spermatic cord or round ligament of the uterus

103
Q

Where is the spermatic cord formed?

A

Deep ring

104
Q

What are the fascial coverings of the spermatic cord?

A

Normal superficial fascia, external spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia and muscle, internal spermatic fascia

105
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

A network of veins that drains the testis

106
Q

What is contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Testicular artery, cremasteric artery and vein, artery to the vas deferens, paminiform plexus, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, autonomic nerves, lymph drainage, processus vaginalis, vas deferens

107
Q

What does the vas deferens do?

A

Conveys sperm from the epididymus to the ejaculatory duct

Respiratory (16 decks)

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