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Respiratory > Histology and Embryology > Flashcards

Histology and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 functions of the respiratory system?

A 
Supplies oxygen to the blood
Removes CO2 from the blood
Speech
Smell
Lung function in BP control
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2
Q

The nasal cavity provides an extensive area for what?

A

Warming, moistening and filtering air

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3
Q

What is the roof of the nasal cavity composed of?

A

Specialised olfactory epithelium

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4
Q

What is the initial part of the nasal cavity known as?

A

The vestibule

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5
Q

What is the nasal vestibule lined with?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What happens to the epithelium as you travel further into the nasal cavity?

A

First, keratin is lost and then further on it turns into respiratory epithelium

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7
Q

What is respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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8
Q

What are basal cells?

A

Stem cells

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9
Q

Why are basal cells present in respiratory epithelium?

A

Because this epithelium gets regenerated quickly, about once a week

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10
Q

What is underneath the respiratory epithelium?

A

Lamina propria

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11
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Band of connective tissue containing seromucus glands and a rich venous plexus

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12
Q

What is the oropharynx and anterior part of the epiglottis lined with?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

What are the walls of the larynx made up of?

A

Muscle, cartilage and respiratory epithelium

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14
Q

What is the exception in the larynx which is not covered by respiratory epithelium?

A

Vocal cords and adjacent structures

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15
Q

What are the vocal cords covered with instead of respiratory epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

What is continuous with the larynx?

A

Trachea

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17
Q

How does the trachea terminate?

A

By branching into the main bronchi

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18
Q

How many cartilages does the trachea have?

A

15-20

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19
Q

The open side of a C shaped tracheal cartilage is spanned by what?

A

Fibro-elastic tissue and smooth muscle

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20
Q

What lines the surface of the trachea?

A

Mucus

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21
Q

What are the effects of smoking on removal of foreign substances from the airway?

A

First, cilia is lost. Second, respiratory epithelium will be turned into stratified squamous so no mucus can be moved

22
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?

A

Hyaline

23
Q

What happens to hyaline cartilage in the bronchi?

A

Rings are replaced by irregularly shaped plates

24
Q

What allows oxygen supply to the lungs and large airways?

A

Bronchial blood supply

25
Q

What is the rough diameter of a bronchi?

A

< 1mm

26
Q

What do bronchioles lack?

A

Cartilage and glands

27
Q

What happens to the epithelium as you progress down the respiratory tree?

A

It gets shorter and changes from columnar to cuboidal

28
Q

What are the smallest bronchiole which lack gas exchange function known as?

A

Terminal bronchioles

29
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch to give what?

A

Respiratory bronchioles- first part which can perform gas exchange

30
Q

Smooth muscles of the bronchioles respond to what to cause contract and constrict?

A

Parasympathetic innervation and histamine

31
Q

What are club/clara cells?

A

Bronchiolar exocrine cells

32
Q

What are the two types of club cells?

A

Ciliated and non-ciliated

33
Q

What are different roles of club/Clara cells?

A

Stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation, surfactant production

34
Q

What is another name for alveolar cells?

A

Pneumocytes

35
Q

What are type 1 alveolar cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelium that lines 90% of alveolar surface

36
Q

What do type 2 alveolar cells do?

A

Produce surfactant

37
Q

How is surfactant released and what does it do?

A

Exocytosis- reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli collapsing

38
Q

Why do premature infants struggle to keep their airways open?

A

Alveoli haven’t developed properly and so surfactant isn’t produced

39
Q

What other cell is present in alveoli?

A

Macrophages

40
Q

What do macrophages in the alveoli do?

A

Phagocytose inhaled particles which have escaped mucus entrapment and travel up to the pharynx to be swallowed

41
Q

Embryologically, where does the lining of the trachea and bronchial tree come from?

A

Endoderm

42
Q

Embryologically, where does all other lung tissue come from?

A

Visceral mesoderm

43
Q

What are two congenital respiratory conditions?

A

Oesophageal atresia and trachea-oesophageal fistula

44
Q

What is oesophageal atresia?

A

Oesophagus has a blind ending instead of connecting normally to the stomach

45
Q

What part of lung development occurs in the embryological phase? When is this?

A

26 days-6 weeks: respiratory diverticulum forms and there is initial branching to give lungs, lobes and segments

46
Q

What stage does the branching of the terminal bronchioles occur? When is this?

A

Pseudoglandular: 6-16 weeks

47
Q

What happens in the canalicular stage of development? When is this?

A

16-28 weeks: terminal bronchioles divide to respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

48
Q

In what developmental stage do terminal sacs form and capillaries establish contact? When is this?

A

28-36 weeks: saccular

49
Q

What stage of development do the alveoli mature? When is this?

A

Alveolar- 36 weeks-early childhood

50
Q

What does not enough surfactant cause in babies?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

Respiratory (16 decks)

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