5th Page

Question 1

What are the macrophages in the liver called?

Answer 1

Kupffer cells

Question 2

What are the macrophages in the lungs called?

Answer 2

Alveolar macrophages

Question 3

What are the macrophages in the brain called?

Answer 3

Microglia

Question 4

What are the macrophages in connective tissues called?

Answer 4

Tissue macrophages (Histiocytes)

Question 5

What are the macrophages in the spleen called?

Answer 5

Red pulp macrophages (sinusoidal lining cells)

Question 6

What are the macrophages in lymph nodes called?

Answer 6

Sinus histiocytes

Question 7

What are the macrophages in the placenta called?

Answer 7

Hofbauer cells

Question 8

What are the macrophages in bone called?

Answer 8

Osteoclasts

Question 9

What are the macrophages in the kidneys called?

Answer 9

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 10

What are the macrophages in skin and mucosa called?

Answer 10

Langerhans cells

Question 11

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 11

Ingestion of a foreign particle by a phagocyte

Question 12

What initiates phagocytosis?

Answer 12

Initiated by cell injury - trauma or microorganism multiplication

Question 13

What happens to activated macrophages?

Answer 13

It demonstrate increased receptors

Question 14

What is the role of phagocytosis?

Answer 14

Ingestion of a foreign particle by a phagocyte.

Question 15

What are some examples of cell receptors involved in phagocytosis?

Answer 15

CR3 (complement Receptor 3)

Laminin, and Leucyl Formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine receptors.

Question 16

What are TLRs?

Answer 16

Unique receptors that attach to microorganisms and stimulate phagocytosis upon binding to their ligand.

Ex. Drasophilia Melnogaster (fly)

Question 17

Where is the highest concentration of TLRs found?

Answer 17

On monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

Question 18

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 18

Migration to a certain direction under stimulation of a chemical substance.

Question 19

What is the difference between chemotaxis and chemokinesis?

Answer 19

Chemotaxis is movement toward a stimulus, while chemokinesis is random movement.

Question 20

What are chemotaxins?

Answer 20

Substances like C5a, starch/bacteria, and dead tissue that stimulate WBC movement.

Question 21

(+) Chemotaxins

Answer 21

toward stimulus

Question 22

(-)

Answer 22

away from stimulus

Question 23

What happens without chemotaxins?

Answer 23

WBC movement is random.

Question 24

What is Job Syndrome?

Answer 24

Normal chemokinesis with abnormal chemotactic activity.

Question 25

What is Lazy leukocyte?

Answer 25

both abnormal

Question 26

What enhances engulfment?

Answer 26

Opsonins, such as specific antibodies and complement (e.g., C3b).

Question 27

What inhibits engulfment? IMP

Answer 27

Large bacterial capsules, such as those from H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, and S. pneumoniae.

Question 28

What occurs during digestion in phagocytosis?

Answer 28

Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome membrane (phagolysosome) and empty their contents into the phagosome.

Question 29

What happens to cells after digestion in phagocytosis?

Answer 29

Cells die and appear in other body fluids (aka degranulation)

Question 30

What is the Boyden's Chamber Assay used for?

Answer 30

It is a test for chemotactic activity of phagocytes.

Question 31

What does the screening test for Phagocytic Engulfment?

Answer 31

Incorporation of bacteria with blood and making a smear.

Question 32

What is the Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test used for?

Answer 32

It is a screening test for Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD).

Question 33

What is inflammation?

Answer 33

Tissue reaction to injury; overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.

Question 34

What mechanisms are involved in inflammation?

Answer 34

Cellular and humoral mechanisms

Question 35

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 35

1. Rubor (redness) 2. Calor (heat) 3. Dolor (pain) 4. Tumor (swelling) 5. Functio laesa (loss of function) RR CH DP TS FL

Question 36

What occurs in the first stage of inflammation?

Answer 36

Injured cells cause mast cells to release histamine, leading to dilation of small venules and constriction of large vessels.

Question 37

What is the first stage of inflammation?

Answer 37

Vascular Response ## Footnote Injured cells cause mast cells to release histamine, leading to dilation of small venules and constriction of large vessels.

Question 38

What are the effects of vasodilation during inflammation?

Answer 38

Increased blood flow to the injured area (hyperemia) results in REDNESS & HEAT ## Footnote Increased capillary permeability causes plasma to leak into tissues, leading to swelling and pain.

Question 39

An increased capillary permeability during inflammation can cause what?

Answer 39

Plasma leaks to tissues = SWELLING & PAIN

Question 40

What happens to blood during the first stage of inflammation?

Answer 40

Blood becomes viscous and SOMETIMES may lead to blood stasis, resulting in LOSS OF FUNCTION

Question 41

What is the second stage of inflammation?

Answer 41

Cellular Response ## Footnote Acute inflammation produces lactic acid, which causes pain.

Question 42

What role do regulators/suppressors of inflammation play in cellular response?

Answer 42

They prevent basophil degranulation and contain histaminase that inactivates histamine.

Question 43

What is involved in hypersensitivity during inflammation?

Answer 43

Release of histamine and eosinophil chemotactic factors.

Question 44

What does acute inflammation produces during cellular response?

Answer 44

Produces lactic acid which causes pain

Question 45

Other cellular responses in Inflammation

Answer 45

Chronic Inflammation secretes monokines Plasma cells

Question 46

What is the 3rd stage in Inflammation?

Answer 46

Resolution & Repair

Question 47

What initiates the third stage of inflammation?

Answer 47

Fibroblasts

Question 48

Produce acid mucopolysaccharides that neutralize toxic substances.

Answer 48

Fibroblasts

Question 49

What happens to fibrinogen during the resolution and repair (3rd) stage?

Answer 49

Fibrinogen in the leaked plasma COAGULATES, walling off the injured area and preventing the spread of infection.

Question 50

What are plasma cells?

Answer 50

Plasma cells are involved in the immune response.

Question 51

What is the 3rd stage of inflammation?

Answer 51

The 3rd stage is Resolution & Repair.

Question 52

What initiates the resolution and repair stage?

Answer 52

Fibroblasts initiate the resolution and repair stage.

Question 53

What do fibroblasts produce?

Answer 53

acid mucopolysaccharides that neutralize toxic substances.

Question 54

What are the three possible effects of inflammation?

Answer 54

1) Affected area totally repaired 2) Formation of abscess with loss of function 3) Granuloma may be formed.

Question 55

What are the roles of inflammation?

Answer 55

1. Destruction and removal of pathogen 2. Prevention of spread of infection 3. Helping in tissue repairing process.