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Pathology I > P8 - Inflammation Part 3 > Flashcards

P8 - Inflammation Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

types of chemical mediators of inflammation (2)

A
  • cellular derived

- plasma derived

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2
Q

cellular derived chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  • pre-made released from cells after stimulation or lysis

- inflammatory cells, vascular endothelium, platelets

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3
Q

plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  • soluble and interconnected cascade systems
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4
Q

types of cell-derived chemical mediators (4)

A
  • lipid mediators
  • vasoactive amines
  • cytokines and chemokines
  • lysosomal contents from phagocytic cells
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5
Q

arachidonic acid pathway (4)

A
  • COX-1
  • COX-2
  • leukotrienes
  • platelet activating factor (PAF)
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6
Q

COX-1 is expressed in, role and increased during

A
  • healthy animals
  • role in cytoprotection of mucosal cells and renal function
  • increased during inflammation
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7
Q

COX-2 is induced

A

secondary to inflammation

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8
Q

thromboxanes expressed during and cause

A
  • inflammation

- vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

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9
Q

prostaglandins expressed during and cause

A
  • inflammation

- fever, pain, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis

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10
Q

NSAIDs inhibit

A
  • Cox 1 and Cox 2 enzymes

- given too long can decrease renal function and mucosal protection

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11
Q

leukotrienes associated with

A
  • hypersensitivities and allergies
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12
Q

leukotrienes cause (5)

A
  • smooth muscle contraction
  • vasodilation
  • leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis
  • mucous secretion
  • more potent than histamine but lass rapid response
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13
Q

most potent activator of vascular permeability

A

platelet activating factor

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14
Q

glucocorticosteroids inhibits

A
  • phospholipase A2
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15
Q

glucocorticosteroids cause (3)

A
  • prevent leukocyte adhesion
  • create immune suppression
  • decrease mucosal protection and renal function
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16
Q

vasoactive amines (3)

A
  • histamine
  • serotonin
  • nitric oxide
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17
Q

histamine is produced by (3)

A
  • mast cells
  • basophils
  • platelets
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18
Q

serotonin produced by

A
  • platelets
19
Q

nitric oxide secreted by

A
  • endothelial cells and macrophages
20
Q

nitric oxide causes

A
  • vasodilation and regulates recruitment of leukocytes to site of inflammation
  • reacts with oxygen radicals to produce reactive metabolites
21
Q

cytokine and chemokines produced by

A
  • many cells including WBCs, endothelial cells and fibroblasts
22
Q

important cytokines (4)

A
  • IL-1
  • TNF-alpha
  • INF-gamma
  • IL-10
23
Q

IL-1 cellular target (5)

A
  • fever
  • neutrophilia
  • activation of endothelial cells
  • activation of membrane phospholipase A2
  • stimulates acute phase proteins
24
Q

TNF-alpha cellular targets (4)

A
  • shock
  • activation of neutrophils
  • activation of endothelial cells
  • stimulates production of other cytokines
25
Q

INF-gamma cellular targets (2)

A
  • fosters shift from acute to chronic inflammation

- activates macrophages and lymphocytes

26
Q

IL-10 cellular targets (1)

A
  • immune suppression
27
Q

important chemokines (4)

A
  • IL-8
  • Eotaxin
  • CCL1, CCL2, CCL17, CCL22
  • monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
28
Q

IL-8 cellular target

A
  • neutrophils
29
Q

eotaxin cellular target

A
  • eosinophils
30
Q

CCL1, CCL2, CCL17, CCL22 cellular target

A
  • lymphocytes
31
Q

monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 cellular target

A
  • monocytes
32
Q

lysosomal components (3)

A
  • reactive oxygen metabolites (free radicals)
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • enzymes (proteases, esterases, nucleases)
33
Q

lysosomal components reactive oxygen metabolites (free radicals) are highly reactive to

A
  • pathogens and host cells
34
Q

lysosomal components antimicrobial peptides include

A
  • defensins (neutrophils) and major basic protein (eosinophils)
35
Q

lysosomal components enzymes (proteases, esterases, neucleases) function

A
  • break down of cellular structures
36
Q

anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) role in inflammation

A
  • mast cell degranulation
  • vascular changes (edema)
  • leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis
37
Q

opsonization (C3b) role in inflammation

A
  • enhanced phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
38
Q

role of complement in inflammation (4)

A
  • anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a)
  • opsonization (C3b)
  • membrane attack complex with cell lysis
  • removal of antibody-antigen complexes
39
Q

kinin system results in (4)

A
  • pain
  • vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • stimulates complement system
  • chemotaxis
40
Q

fibrinolytic system degrades

A
  • fibrin and blood clots
41
Q

fibrinolytic system cleaves

A
  • C3 - initiates complement system (initiate more clotting factors)
42
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A
  • overactivity of inflammatory mediators cause widespread consumption of clotting factors along with microvasculature thrombosis
43
Q

clinical relevance of link between inflammation and coagulation

A
  • disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Pathology I (42 decks)

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