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NUTR 315 > Physiology and Metabolism Review (1/10) > Flashcards

Physiology and Metabolism Review (1/10) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different levels in the organization of life?

A

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

What is the chemical level?

A

atoms combine to form molecules, such as protein, carbohydrate, lipid, DNA, or RNA

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3
Q

What is the cell level?

A

molecules from organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells

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4
Q

What is the tissue level?

A

similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

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5
Q

What is the organ level?

A

different tissues combine to form organs, such as the stomach and small intestine

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6
Q

What is the organ system level?

A

organs such as the stomach and intestine make up an organ system, in this case the GI system

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7
Q

What is the organism level?

A

organ systems make up an organism

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8
Q

What makes up the digestive tract?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and the accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, and pancreas)

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9
Q

What are the digestive function of the mouth and salivary glands?

A

chewing begins, moisten food with saliva, lubrication with mucus, release of starch-digesting (amylase) enzyme, and initiation of swallowing reflex

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10
Q

What are the digestive functions of the esophagus?

A

lubrication with mucus and move food to stomach by peristaltic waves

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11
Q

What are the digestive functions of the stomach?

A

store, mix, dissolve, and continue digestion of food, dissolve food particles with secretions, kill microorganisms with acid, release of protein-digesting (pepsin) enzyme, lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus, and regulate emptying of dissolved food into small intestine

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12
Q

What is the digestive function of the liver?

A

production of bile to aid in fat digestion and absorption

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13
Q

What is the digestive function of the gallbladder?

A

storage, concentration, and later release of bile into the small intestine

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14
Q

What is the digestive function of the pancreas?

A

secretion of sodium bicarbonate and carbohydrate-, fat-, and protein-digesting enzymes

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15
Q

What is the digestive function of the small intestine?

A

mixing and propulsion of contents, lubrication with mucus, digestion and absorption of most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestine

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16
Q

What are the digestive functions of the large intestine?

A

mixing and propulsion of contents, absorption of sodium, potassium, and water, storage and concentration of undigested food, lubrication with mucus, and formation of feces

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17
Q

What are the digestive functions of the rectum?

A

store feces and expel via the anus, which is the opening to the outside of the body

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18
Q

What are features of the small intestine?

A

has folds, which have villi and each villi have microvilli

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19
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of absorption?

A

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis

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20
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

the movement across the membrane due to concentration differences

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21
Q

Does passive diffusion require energy?

A

NO

22
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

a protein helps move across the membrane

23
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require energy?

A

NO

24
Q

What is active transport?

A

requires ENERGY and uses a protein to move across the membrane

25
Q

What are the different types of endocytosis?

A

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

26
Q

What type of molecules go through pinocytosis?

A

smaller, water-soluble molecules

27
Q

What type of molecules go through phagocytosis?

A

larger molecules that cant be broken down

28
Q

Where is the portal vein located?

A

between two capillary beds

29
Q

What does the portal vein do?

A

nutrients from the diet enter into here so that they will then take the nutrients to the liver

30
Q

What nutrients enter the lymphatic system?

A

fats which are then sent to general circulation to adipose tissue which then leads some to go to the liver

31
Q

how are nutrients excreted from the gastrointestinal tract?

A

through the feces

32
Q

how are nutrients excreted from the kidney?

A

urine

33
Q

how are nutrients excreted from the skin?

A

perspiration

34
Q

How are nutrients excreted from the lungs?

A

CO2 and water

35
Q

What is the main unit of energy in our bodies?

A

ATP

36
Q

How is energy used in our bodies?

A

build compounds, move muscles, nerve conduction, and pump ions

37
Q

What nutrients go through oxidation to form ATP?

A

carbohydrates, fat, proteins, and (alcohol)

38
Q

Is ATP tri-phosphate or di-phosphate?

A

tri-phosphate

39
Q

What happens during catabolism?

A

things are broken down

40
Q

What happens during anabolism?

A

taking small units and building proteins

41
Q

What is produced after carbohydrates, proteins, and fats go through catabolism?

A

CO2, H2O, and NH3

42
Q

What is produced when amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol go through anabolism?

A

proteins, glycogen, triglycerides, and other lipids

43
Q

What is the process of intermediary metabolism?

A

breakdown of complex molecules to their component building blocks, conversion of building blocks to acetyl-CoA, metabolism of acetyl-CoA to CO2 and formation of ATP

44
Q

What intermediates are anaerobic?

A

glucose and pyruvic acid

45
Q

What intermediates are aerobic?

A

acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

46
Q

What is anaerobic?

A

without oxygen

47
Q

what is aerobic?

A

with oxygen

48
Q

Which process gives a lot more energy, anaerobic or aerobic?

A

aerobic

49
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

50
Q

What process is anaerobic?

A

glycolysis

51
Q

What process is aerobic?

A

citric acid cycle

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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