Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTR 315 > Lipids (1/29) > Flashcards

Lipids (1/29) Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids?

A

a diverse group of materials related by their solubility in organic solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different types of lipids?

A

fatty acids, glycerolipids (triglycerides and phospholipids), and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the structure of fatty acids?

A

monocarboxylic acids with 4 or more carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the general formula for fatty acids?

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are fatty acids classified?

A

by the chain length and saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the length of a short chain fatty acid?

A

4-6 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the length of a medium chain fatty acid?

A

8-12 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the length of a long chain fatty acid?

A

14-26 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

has no double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does monounsaturated mean?

A

one double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does polyunsaturated mean?

A

two or more double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does 18:3 w3 mean?

A

number of carbons:number of double bonds and the location of 1st double bond based on distance from the methyl molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of backbone do glycerolipids have?

A

glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

have a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids esterified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

A

high melting point, solid at room temperature, “fat”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

low melting point, liquid at room temperature, “oil”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

chemical saturation of double bonds to make liquid solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is generated in the process of hydrogenation?

A

some trans fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: trans fatty acids can also occur naturally in our diets

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are palm oil and palm kernel oil the same?

A

NO! palm oil is 50% saturated and palm kernel oil is 82% saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do w3 fatty acids come from?

A

oils (flaxseed, soybean, canola) and seafood from the microalgae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the components of phospholipids?

A

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group, N-containing group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do phospholipids act as?

A

emulsifiers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do phospholipids help form?

A

membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the chemical formula for steroids?

A

C27H45OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an essential component of all cells?

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is cholesterol synthesized by?

A

all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are examples of cholesterol?

A

bile acids/salts and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is cholesterol present in?

A

the diet esterified with fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are waxes?

A

ester of high molecular weight alcohol and high molecular weight fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

32
Q

What are the functions of lipids in our diet?

A

source of essential fatty acids, carrier of fat soluble vitamins, concentrated source of energy (9 kcal/g), flavor, and satiety

33
Q

What are the functions of lipids in our bodies?

A

energy storage, membrane structure, support &insulate, hormones/prostaglandins, and bile acids

34
Q

What are the two types of essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and alpha-linolenic (18:3 n-3)

35
Q

What is the AI of linoleic acid?

A

17/12 g/d

36
Q

What is the AI of alpha-linolenic?

A

1.6/1.1 g/d

37
Q

What is the problem with lipid digestion/absorption?

A

lipids are FAT soluble, everything thats about to happen is happening in WATER, need ways of dealing with this issue

38
Q

What is the solution with lipid digestion/absorption?

A

emulsification (phospholipids, bile salts), fatty acid carriers (acylation), lipoproteins

39
Q

What happens in the small intestine during digestion of lipids?

A

partially digested lipid in duodenum which causes cholecystokinin to be released which then causes the contracting of the gall bladder and secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice. acid then causes secretin to be released which produces bicarbonate

40
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

loves water

41
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

afraid of water

42
Q

in the small intestine what does pancreatic lipase need to be activated by?

A

colipase

43
Q

what helps the formation of colipase from procolipase?

A

trypsin

44
Q

What does colipase and pancreatic lipase create?

A

active lipase

45
Q

What is formed when triglycerides are digested?

A

2 fatty acids + monoglyceride

46
Q

what ferries the products of triglyceride digestion to the intestinal mucosa?

A

micelles

47
Q

What are the different products of digestion?

A

fatty acids, monoglycerides, glycerol, and cholesterol

48
Q

What are the two steps in absorption?

A

from intestinal lumen into intestinal mucosal cell and from intestinal mucosal cell to lymph or portal blood

49
Q

What do micelles allow?

A

fat-soluble products of digestion to approach mucosal cell membrane across unstirred water layer

50
Q

Where are bile salts reabsorbed?

A

in the ileum and resecreted in bile into the enterohepatic circulation

51
Q

Where do short and medium chain fatty acids diffuse?

A

into portal blood and go to the liver

52
Q

What are used to synthesize triglycerides?

A

long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides

53
Q

what forms chylomicron?

A

triglycerides packaged with phospholipids, cholesterol, and apoprotein

54
Q

Where are chylomicrons secreted?

A

into lymphatic system and enter general circulation

55
Q

What is free cholesterol esterified by?

A

ACAT (acylCoA-cholesterol acyl transferase) in mucosal cell

56
Q

What is the important regulatory step in cholesterol balance?

A

ACAT

57
Q

What is esterified cholesterol added to?

A

chylomicron

58
Q

What is cholesterol transported out of mucosal cells by?

A

ABC (ATP binding cassette) to maintain balance

59
Q

What happens when energy intake exceeds expenditure for lipid metabolism?

A

lipogenesis, triglycerides exported from liver as VLDL, and VLDL is metabolized by LPL like chylomicron

60
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

fatty acid synthesis that starts from acetyl CoA and fatty acids are esterified to glycerol

61
Q

What is the primary product of lipogenesis in humans?

A

palmitic acid

62
Q

What happens when energy expenditure exceeds intake in lipid metabolism?

A

lipolysis, fatty acids activated to acyl CoA and 2-carbon units removed as acetyl CoA, and acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle

63
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

beta-oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA

64
Q

What is ketosis?

A

when fatty acid oxidation exceeds availability of CHO intermediates and acetyl CoA accumulates

65
Q

What is synthesized during ketosis?

A

ketones (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate)

66
Q

What does the accumulation of ketones lead to?

A

ketonemia, ketonuria, acetone breath

67
Q

What conditions lead to ketosis?

A

starvation and diabetes mellitus

68
Q

rank the lipoproteins from least to most dense

A

chylomicrons < VLDL < LDL < HDL

69
Q

How many carbons does eicosanoids have?

A

20 carbons

70
Q

What are examples of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

71
Q

What are antagonistic actions of eicosanoids?

A

vasoconstriction/vasodilation, platelet aggregation, reproduction, and immune function

72
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

metabolites of essential fatty acids

73
Q

What are the three classes of eicosanoids based on starting fatty acid?

A

arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic

74
Q

T/F: there is no RDA for adults for total fat intake

A

true

75
Q

What is the AI for fat intake for infants?

A

30-31 g/d

76
Q

What are the dietary guidelines for fat intake?

A

saturated fat < 10% kcal, minimizes trans fatty acids, and reduce intake of solid fats

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions