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NUTR 315 > Energy Balance > Flashcards

Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy balance?

A

relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure

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2
Q

What is positive energy balance?

A

weight gain

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3
Q

when is positive energy balance desired?

A

during growth stages (pregnancy, infancy, childhood, adolescence) or when body weight needs to be restored (after starvation, disease, injury)

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4
Q

what is negative energy balance?

A

weight loss

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5
Q

When does negative energy balance occur?

A

when energy stored in the body (fat, muscles) is used to make up for shortfall in energy intake

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6
Q

when is negative energy balance desired?

A

in adults when body fat exceeds healthy levels

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7
Q

What is the dynamic equilibrium between that body weight results from?

A

energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE)

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8
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can be neither created nor destroyed

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9
Q

what are the two types of units of measure under the first law?

A

kilocalorie (kcal) and kilojoule (kJ)

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10
Q

What is a kilocalorie (kcal)?

A

heat required to raise the temp of one kg of water by one degree C

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11
Q

What is a kilojoule (kJ)?

A

force required to move one kg, one meter with a force of 1 newton

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12
Q

how many kJ does 1 kcal equal?

A

4.184 kJ

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13
Q

how can the amount of energy in a food or beverage can be estimated?

A

using nutrient databases or nutrient analysis software

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14
Q

how is the calorie content most commonly calculated?

A

as grams of carbohydrates, protein, and fat in a food multiplied by physiological fuel value of these compounds

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15
Q

how does a bomb calorimeter measure the calorie content?

A

by burning (combustion = process of burning) a dried portion of food

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16
Q

why is nitrogen converted to energy?

A

because oxygen gas is involved in formation of nitric acid in a bomb calorimeter

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17
Q

what is the physiological fuel value for carbs?

A

4

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18
Q

What is the physiological fuel value for fat?

A

9

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19
Q

What is the physiological fuel value for protein?

A

4

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20
Q

what is the physiological fuel value for alcohol?

A

7

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21
Q

What are the 3 main purposes the body uses energy?

A

basal metabolism (BMR); physical activity; digestion, absorption, processing of ingested nutrients

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22
Q

What is the basal metabolism (BMR)?

A

energy required, at rest, to maintain life

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23
Q

What does the BMR represent?

A

the minimum amount of energy expended in a fasting state (12 hrs or more) to keep a resting, awake body alive in a warm quiet environment

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24
Q

how much does BMR account for of a total energy expenditure for a sedentary person

A

60-70%

25
Q

what is a key regulator of BMR?

A

thyroid hormones

26
Q

What are factors influencing BMR?

A

body size (larger body surface increases BMR), body composition (greater muscle mass increases BMR), gender (men have more muscles and bigger body surface; thus higher BMR), age (aging after 30 years decreases BMR), body temp (fever or cold environment conditions increases BMR), sleep, undernutrition (malnutrition lowers BMR), hormones (higher than normal secretion of thyroid hormones or release of stress hormones will increase BMR), smoking and caffeine use will increase BMR

27
Q

what would 30 minutes of moderate physical activity reduce?

A

the risk of developing a chronic disease

28
Q

What would up to 60 minutes of exercise on most days do?

A

avoid unhealthy weight gain

29
Q

how much physical activity is needed to sustain weight loss?

A

at least 60-90 minutes

30
Q

how much does physical activity increase energy expenditure above and beyond basal energy needs?

A

by as much as 25-40%

31
Q

how is energy expenditure determined?

A

by direct or indirect calorimetry

32
Q

what is another name for thermic effect of food (TEF)?

A

diet induced thermogenesis (DIT)

33
Q

how much of the energy consumed each day does TEF account for?

A

5-10%

34
Q

what is obligatory thermogenesis?

A

unavoidable losses due to absorption, transport, storage, synthesis of protein, fat, etc.

35
Q

What is facultative thermogenesis?

A

futile heat-releasing reactions and activity of nervous system

36
Q

why is the TEF for protein-rich meals higher than carbohydrate-rich or fat-rich meals?

A

it takes more energy to metabolize amino acids into fat than to convert glucose into glycogen or transfer absorbed fat into adipose stores

37
Q

do larger or smaller meals result in higher TEF values

A

larger

38
Q

what does NEAT stand for?

A

non-exercise activity thermogenesis

39
Q

how is NEAT stimulated?

A

by cold environment or overeating (in some)

40
Q

what are examples of NEAT?

A

shivering, fidgeting, muscle tone, posture

41
Q

what is a form of fat that participates in thermogenesis

A

brown adipose tissue

42
Q

where does brown adipose tissue get its brown appearance?

A

from the large number of capillaries

43
Q

why does brown adipose tissue contribute to thermogenesis?

A

because it releases much of the energy from energy-yielding nutrients as heat

44
Q

T/F: brown adipose tissue has a protein that uses the food we consume to generate heat for the body instead of creating energy in the form of ATP

A

true

45
Q

who is brown adipose tissue mostly found?

A

in infants (5% of body weight) and hibernating animals (to generate heat during cold winters)

46
Q

what is the rule of thumb of estimates of energy use in a sedentary lifestyle?

A

12 /14 kcal/lb (women/men)

47
Q

what is the rule of thumb of estimates of energy use in a moderate activity lifestyle

A

15/17 kcal/lb (women/men)

48
Q

What is the rule of thumb of estimates of energy use in a active lifestyle?

A

18/20 kcal/lb (women/men)

49
Q

what is the harris-benedict equation used for?

A

method used to estimate BMR and daily kcal requirement for an individual

50
Q

what is the harris-benedict equation?

A

BMR=kcal/d=66.5 + (13.8 x weight in kg) + (5 x height in cm) - (6.8 x age in yr)

51
Q

what is the rda for energy in a active 19 yr?

A

3067/2403 kcal/d (men/women)

52
Q

what does direct calorimetry estimate?

A

EE by measuring the amount of body heat released by a person

53
Q

how does all energy the body use leave?

A

as heat

54
Q

the heat released from a body is measured how?

A

by placing a person in an insulated chamber (size of a bedroom) that is surrounded by a layer of water

55
Q

what is used to determine the amount of energy the person expended?

A

the change in water temperature before and after exercise

56
Q

what does indirect calorimetry involve?

A

collecting expired air from an individual during a specific amount of time

57
Q

T/F: indirect calorimetry must be done in a clinical setting

A

FALSE, can be done at home!

58
Q

what is doubly labeled water?

A

subject is given an oral dose of water containing the isotopes 2H (deuterium) and 18O, and then his/her urine and blood samples are analyzed to examine both isotopes excretion

59
Q

how can you measure EE?

A

non-calorimetric methods (heart rate monitor & accelerometers) and predictive equations

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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