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NUTR 315 > Lifecycle nutrition: pregnancy & lactation > Flashcards

Lifecycle nutrition: pregnancy & lactation Flashcards

1
Q

why does pregnancy put increased nutritional demands on the mother?

A

to meet her own needs and provide for special needs of the fetus

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2
Q

what does nutrient and calorie supplies in pregnancy impact?

A

the final outcome and health of the offspring later in life

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3
Q

what are the three layers that the embryo cells are split into?

A

endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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4
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

will develop into the digestive system, liver, and pancreas

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5
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

will develop into skeleton, muscles, heart, and blood vessels

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6
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

will develop into skin, nervous system, and sensory organs

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7
Q

What is the placenta?

A

an organ through which nourishment flows to the fetus, oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the fetus while fetal waste products are being removed

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8
Q

when does 90% of all fetal growth occur?

A

in the last 20 weeks of gestation

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9
Q

What is the potential effect of a calorie deficiency?

A

growth retardation and low birth weight

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10
Q

What is the potential effect of excess calories?

A

high birth weight, complications during labor and delivery

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11
Q

What is the potential effect of a protein deficiency?

A

reduced head circumference; fewer cells than normal, impact particularly severe in the brain

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12
Q

what is the potential effect of an excess in protein?

A

if high consumption is coupled with low carb intake, may lower glucose availability and restrict energy available to the fetus

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13
Q

What is a potential effect of a vit. C deficiency?

A

premature birth

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14
Q

What is a potential effect of an excess vit C?

A

sudden drop in vit. C after birth and may cause vit. C deficiency symptoms

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15
Q

What is a potential effect of folate deficiency?

A

spontaneous abortion; fluid accumulation in the skull, leading to brain damage; growth retardation; premature birth; neural tube defects

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16
Q

What is a potential effect of excess folate?

A

may inhibit maternal absorption of other nutrients and hinders diagnosis of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency

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17
Q

What is a potential effect of vit. A deficiency?

A

premature birth, eye abnormalities & impaired vision; maternal death

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18
Q

What is a potential effect of an excess in vit. A?

A

birth defect that affect the nervous and cardio systems and facial deformities

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19
Q

What is a potential effect of vit. D deficiency?

A

low birth weight, rickets, lack of enamel on teeth

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20
Q

What is a potential of excess vit. D?

A

calcificaiton of soft tissues, such as the kidneys; mental retardation; growth retardation

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21
Q

What is a potential effect of calcium deficiency?

A

decreased bone density

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22
Q

What is a potential effect of an excess of calcium?

A

may hinder maternal absorption of minerals, such as iron and zinc

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23
Q

What is a potential effect of iron deficiency?

A

low birth weight, premature birth, increased risk of fetal or infant death

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24
Q

What is a potential effect of excess iron?

A

may hinder maternal absorption of minerals such as zinc and calcium

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25
Q

What is a potential effect of iodine deficiency?

A

cretinism

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26
Q

What is a potential effect of excess iodine?

A

thyroid disorders

27
Q

What is a potential effect of zinc deficiency?

A

nervous system malformations; growth retardation; birth defects that affect the brain and bones

28
Q

What is a potential effect of excess zinc?

A

may hinder maternal absorption of minerals, such as copper and iron

29
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

tissue that develops into the brain and spinal cord

30
Q

what is low birthweight?

A

<5.5 lb. at delivery

31
Q

how many of low birthweights are premature?

A

2/3

32
Q

What are the low birth weight risk factors?

A

multiple births; too little or too much weight gain; smoking; alcohol to excess; underweight before conception; age after menarche

33
Q

if you have a low BMI how much weight should you gain during pregnancy?

A

28 to 40 pounds

34
Q

if you have a normal BMI how much weight should you gain during pregnancy?

A

25 to 35 pounds

35
Q

if you have a high BMI how much weight should you gain during pregnancy?

A

15 to 25 pounds

36
Q

If you have an obese BMI how much weight should you gain during pregnancy?

A

15 (or more)

37
Q

What are nutrition-related concerns when it comes to pregnancy?

A

supplements; pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH); exercise; gestational diabetes; alcohol; caffeine; cigarettes; other drugs; pica

38
Q

What is pica

A

practice of eating non-food items

39
Q

why is it suggested to use supplements during pregnancy?

A

RDAs increase anywhere from 10-100% and the caloric intake increases 15%

40
Q

what happens with PIH?

A

impairs delivery of O2 and nutrients to the fetus (retarded growth, premature birth) and can escalate to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

41
Q

What is pre-eclampsia?

A

protein in the urine, headache, blurred vision, changes in blood clotting, edema, nervous system disorders

42
Q

What is eclampsia?

A

maternal convulsions and coma; BP can climb so high that the kidneys and liver are damaged and both the mother and fetus may die; leading cause of maternal and newborn death in the US

43
Q

What type of exercise is recommended during pregnancy?

A

low to moderate intensity exercise

44
Q

Why is exercise important during pregnancy?

A

better cardio fxns, easier and less complicated labor, better mental state during pregnancy and infants are leaner and more neurologically matured

45
Q

When does gestational diabetes occur?

A

between 20-28 weeks of pregnancy

46
Q

what happens during gestational diabetes?

A

hormones synthesize by placenta decrease the efficiency of insulin and lead to a mild increase in blood glucose levels

47
Q

What are the 3 developmental feeding periods that occur during the first 2 years?

A

nursing, transitional, and modified adult

48
Q

what is the nursing feeding period?

A

birth to 6 months, dependence on milk feeding

49
Q

What is the transitional period?

A

introducing complementary foods between 6-12 months

50
Q

what are important considerations for the transitional feeding period?

A

ability to accept non-liquid foods without choking, development of neck stability, sitting and reaching

51
Q

What is the modified adult feeding period?

A

in the second year toddlers consume a diet that resembles their families’ preferences

52
Q

how many kcals does the production of 100 ml of milk require?

A

67 kcal

53
Q

what are the nutrients in breast milk?

A

fatty acid spectrum, iodine and selenium, water soluble vitamins

54
Q

What substances are secreted into the breast milk and are harmful for the baby even in small amounts?

A

alcohol, pesticides, and drugs

55
Q

why are infants nutrient needs very high?

A

in relation to sized to support intense growth

56
Q

When is the milk letdown reflex triggered?

A

by the infant suckling the mothers breasts

57
Q

When is suckling the strongest?

A

in the first hour after birth

58
Q

what are the milk letdown reflex hormones?

A

prolactin and oxytocin

59
Q

what is prolactin?

A

a principal hormone that promotes milk production and that is released by pituitary gland. travels in the blood to milk producing glands in the breast and stimulates them to produce mil

60
Q

what is oxytocin?

A

released by pituitary gland and causes muscle-like cells in the breast tissue to contract and release the milk from the lobules

61
Q

what are advantages of breastfeeding for mothers?

A

always available; earlier recovery from pregnancy due to the action of hormones on the uterus; decreased risk of ovarian and premenopausal breast cancer; potential for quicker return to prepregnancy weight; potential for delayed ovulation; potential bone remineralizaiton to levels exceeding those before lactation; less postpartum bleeding

62
Q

what is colostrum?

A

thin, yellowish, immature milk that may first time appear anytime from late pregnancy to several days after postpartum

63
Q

what does colostrum contain?

A

lactobacillus bifidus factor and a laxative that helps the infant excrete the fecal matter that collected in the GI tract during fetal life

64
Q

What does lactobacillus bifidus factor do?

A

encourages the growht of lactobacillus bifidus bacteria in the large intestine, which gives protection from growth of potentially toxic bacteria

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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