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NUTR 315 > Lifecycle nutrition: infancy, adolescence, aging > Flashcards

Lifecycle nutrition: infancy, adolescence, aging Flashcards

1
Q

What type of food is not needed during the first 4-6 months?

A

solid foods

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2
Q

What is another name for the tongue reflex?

A

extrusion reflex

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3
Q

What is the extrusion reflex?

A

normal response in first few months of life that causes the tongue to thrust outward when touched or depressed

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4
Q

Why are growth charts used?

A

to track the growth during infancy and adolescence

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5
Q

What do growth charts depict?

A

the gains in weight and stature (height) that are expected with age

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6
Q

What does failure to thrive mean?

A

insufficient weight gain

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7
Q

What are the physical problems that can cause failure to thrive?

A

oral cavity development, infections, intestinal problems, inborn errors in digestive enzymes

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8
Q

What are the nutritional problems that can cause failure to thrive?

A

formula-fed (sufficient consumption?), breastfed (sufficient consumption?), and if older children the question is what is provided

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9
Q

What the third problem that can cause failure to thrive?

A

emotional problems

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10
Q

When is physical growth rate at its peak?

A

during infancy, which causes nutrient needs, per unit of body weight, to be at their highest level over the course of the lifetime

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11
Q

What is a normal growth rate in the first year?

A

rapid and smooth increase in weight and height

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12
Q

What is a normal growth rate in childhood after the first year?

A

physical growth rate much slower and occurs in bursts

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13
Q

What is a normal growth rate in adolescence?

A

one of the most rapid phases of physical growth; 1/3 or more of all growth in a lifetime occurs during adolescence

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14
Q

What is adolescence?

A

the transition from childhood to adulthood

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15
Q

What can effect nutrition in adolescence?

A

social pressure and teen pregnancy

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16
Q

how does social pressure effect nutrition?

A

selection of foods may hinder ability to get needed nutrients

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17
Q

What is teen pregnancy?

A

pregnancy within 2 years of menarche (first menstrual cycle)

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18
Q

Why is the demand for energy high in childhood?

A

due to rapid growth and high metabolic rate

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19
Q

What is the primary carbohydrate in the diets of most infants?

A

lactose

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20
Q

Should children have more complex carbohydrates or simple carbohydrates?

A

complex carb intake in childhood should be increased to equal about half of total calorie intake and simple carbohydrates should be limited

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21
Q

How much protein does infants need?

A

nearly twice as much as in adults per pound of body weight

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22
Q

how much protein is needed in childhood and early adolescence?

A

needs 20-40% higher than in adults

23
Q

why is excess protein not good?

A

may exceed kidney’s capacity to excrete nitrogen

24
Q

how much fat do infants need?

A

40-55% kcal

25
Q

how much fat does children 5+ need?

A

30-35% kcal

26
Q

why is fat important?

A

as concentrated source of energy and for brain/nervous system development

27
Q

T/F: infants are born with little or no vit. K stores

A

true

28
Q

Why doesnt the infant intestine produce vitamin K?

A

infants have sterile intestines; it takes several weeks for vit. K producing bacteria to grow after first feeding

29
Q

What is the infant at risk for since they dont have a lot of vit. K?

A

for slowed blood clotting and unchecked bleeding

30
Q

Who should receive iron supplements?

A

breastfed infants

31
Q

when do calcium needs rise sharply?

A

starting age 9 and remain high until the end of adolescence

32
Q

Why do babies have high demands for water?

A

their body surface area per pound of weight is 3 times greater than adults, thus they loose much more water through the skin; they turn over body water 7x’s faster than adults; high metabolic rate results in more wastes that need to be excreted by the kidneys and lungs; kidneys of infants not matured yet and need more water to remove waste products; too much water may lead to water intoxication

33
Q

what are the different definitions of aging?

A

65 years of age? (social security); food and nutrition board (FNB) 70+; WHO 60 yo

34
Q

what is old age in many developing countries seen as?

A

to begin at the point when active contribution is no longer possible

35
Q

What are features of aging?

A

an exponential increase in mortality with aging; physiological changes that typically lead to a functional decline with age; increased susceptibility to certain diseases with age

36
Q

What are the advances responsible for increasing life expectancy in the 20th century?

A

more nutritious diets; antibiotics; vaccines; sewer systems; women giving birth in hospitals

37
Q

What typically declines with age?

A

physiological functions

38
Q

What are theories on aging?

A

errors in copying DNA; free radical damage; programmed cell death; immune system failure/autoimmunity; glycosylation of proteins/cross-linking; excess energy intake; loss of neuroendocrine coordination

39
Q

What happens once errors in DNA accumulate?

A

a cell can no longer synthesize important proteins needed to funciton and die

40
Q

Accumulation of damage to cell membranes and DNA due to free radicals action may lead to what?

A

cell death or progression to a disease (e.g., to cancer)

41
Q

how many times can human cells divide?

A

~50 times and then dies

42
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

develops with aging and is when our immune cells begin to attack body tissues

43
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

blood glucose when elevated attaches to blood and body proteins which decreases protein function

44
Q

What does cross-linking decrease?

A

flexibility of connective tissue (stiffness)

45
Q

What is the key to successful aging?

A

making good lifestyle choices

46
Q

What are good lifestyle choices?

A

eating nutritious diets, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, avoidance of excessive exposure to sunlight, cigarette smoke, etc.

47
Q

What is the definition of chronological age?

A

number of living years

48
Q

What is the definition of physiological age?

A

physical health status relative to health status of similarly aged adults

49
Q

what is chronological age not useful in predicting?

A

physical health status or nutritional risk

50
Q

What are physical factors of under-nutrition?

A

declining absorptive and metabolic capacities; poor appetite; poor dental health; difficulty in swallowing; physical disability; side effects of drugs; restrictive diets; alcoholism; chronic disease

51
Q

What are socioeconomic factors for under-nutrition?

A

low income; inadequate cooking or storage facilities; limited nutrition knowledge; lack of transport; shopping difficulties; cooking practices that result in nutrient losses; inadequate cooking skills

52
Q

What are social and psychological factors for under-nutrition?

A

depression, loneliness, soical isolation, bereavement, loss of interest in food or cooking, memory loss , food faddism

53
Q

what is food faddism?

A

lose weight in a quick manner

54
Q

what is the domino effect?

A

one event sets off a chain of similar events leading to the cumulative end effect

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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