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NUTR 315 > Weight Management > Flashcards

Weight Management Flashcards

1
Q

what is obesity?

A

usually defined as greater than or equal to 120% of “ideal body weight”

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2
Q

how do you determine ideal body weight?

A

metropolitan life tables; surgeon general; BMI; WHtR (wast circumference/height ratio); SAD (sagittal abdominal diameter); SADHtR (SAD/Height Ratio)

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3
Q

what are other factors that relate to obesity?

A

family history of chronic disease, pattern of fat distribution, and current health status

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4
Q

what is the formula for BMI using kg

A

body weight (kg) / height (m)^2

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5
Q

what is the formula for BMI using lb?

A

weight (lb) x 703.1 / height (in)^2

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6
Q

what does it mean if your BMI is less than 18.5?

A

underweight

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7
Q

what does it mean if your BMI is 18.5-24.9?

A

acceptable range

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8
Q

what does it mean if your BMI is 25-29.9?

A

overweight

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9
Q

What does it mean if your BMI is 30-39.9?

A

obese

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10
Q

What does it mean if your BMI is greater than 40?

A

severely obese

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11
Q

what is the range of body fat?

A

2-70%

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12
Q

what percent of body fat is considered obese?

A

> 24% (men)/35% (women)

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13
Q

what are methods for estimating body fat?

A

underwater weighing, skinfold thickness, bioelectric impedance, DEXA

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14
Q

T/F: we need some body fat

A

true

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15
Q

T/F: body weight/BMI is always an indicator of obesity

A

false, not always

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16
Q

what are the problems associated with obesity?

A

increased risk for chronic disease; psychological health; economic

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17
Q

what chronic diseases can be caused by obesity?

A

coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, gallstones, and hypertension

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18
Q

what psychological health . problems are associated with obesity?

A

negative self-image and discrimination

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19
Q

what economic problems are associated with obesity?

A

health care, weight reducing aids, and lost time from work

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20
Q

what are the causes of obesity?

A

genetics (body type, lipoprotein lipase, energy expenditure) and behavior (energy intake and energy output)

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21
Q

what is apple shape?

A

upper body fat distribution

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22
Q

what is pear shape?

A

lower body fat distribution

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23
Q

are females more pear or apple shaped?

A

pear shaped

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24
Q

are males more pear or apple shaped?

A

apple shaped

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25
Q

what is appetite?

A

the desire to eat food, felt as hunger

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26
Q

what is hunger?

A

the sensations that initiate food seeking behavior

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27
Q

what is satiation?

A

the sensations that cause the cessation of eating

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28
Q

what is satiety?

A

the sensations that prolong satiation

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29
Q

what peripheral body systems are associated with hunger?

A

adipose tissue, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and other organs

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30
Q

what central nervous systems are associated with hunger?

A

hypothalamus, nerve signals, neurotransmitters

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31
Q

what metabolic influences are associated with hunger?

A

blood nutrient levels, energy needs, fat storage level, hormone & hormonelike compound secretions

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32
Q

what disease states are associated with hunger?

A

obesity, anorexia nervosa, cancer, mental illness

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33
Q

what disease influences are associated with appetite?

A

tumor products

34
Q

what learned preferences and aversions are associated with appetite?

A

fat, alcohol, flavors, odors, and textures

35
Q

what social influences are associated with appetite?

A

religion and culture

36
Q

what specific appetites are associated with appetite?

A

sweet and salt

37
Q

what emotional influences are associated with appetite?

A

stress and mood

38
Q

what environmental factors are associated with appetite

A

food availability, advertising, temperature, and humidity

39
Q

what medication influences are associated with appetite?

A

certain tranquilizers, certain antidepressants, corticosteroids, amphetamines

40
Q

what is the purpose of appetite?

A

set-point theory; to match energy intake to energy expenditure; to encourage the consumption of food when possible within physiological limitations

41
Q

what is the set-point theory

A

to maintain a predetermined body-weight from the purpose of appetite

42
Q

how is the hypothalamus apart of hunger and satiety?

A

has several peptides that respond to a series of signals that then regulate food intake

43
Q

what peripheral signals effect the peptides in the hypothalamus to regulate food intake?

A

energy stores (+/-); sight/smell of food (+); glucose?; chewing; gastric distention (-); cholecystokinin (-); grehlin (+); leptin (-); PYY3-36(-); glucagon-like peptide-1 (-)

44
Q

where is cholecystokinin (CKK) released?

A

in the duodenum

45
Q

why is CKK released?

A

in response to food intake - particularly fat and protein

46
Q

what happened when CKK was exogenous administrated to rats/humans?

A

reduced food intake

47
Q

when is leptin secreted?

A

in relation to adiposity

48
Q

what happens if adipose is increased?

A

leptin is increased which leads to satiety

49
Q

what happens if adipose is decreased?

A

leptin is decreased which leads to hunger

50
Q

what happens to leptin during the conservation of energy during inadequate food supply

A

leptin decreases which causes a decrease in thyroid which decreases BMR and decreases spontaneous activity

51
Q

what is ghrelin secreted by?

A

endocrine cells in the gut

52
Q

what is the only peripheral stimulant of food intake currently known?

A

ghrelin

53
Q

what happened when ghrelin was administered to humans/rats?

A

increased food intake

54
Q

does ghrelin concentrations increase or decrease leading up to a meal?

A

increase

55
Q

how many kcals is one pound of body fat?

A

3500 kcal

56
Q

how many kcal/lb do you need to maintain body weight?

A

15 kcal/lb

57
Q

what are the keys to weight loss?

A

decreased energy intake and increased physical activity

58
Q

what are approaches for weight loss?

A

metabolic advantage; increased physical activity; reduced food intake (low fat diets, high protein diets, glycemic index, energy density), and surgery

59
Q

what is metabolic advantage?

A

diet composition determines efficiency of calorie utilization and availability

60
Q

what type of diet would lead to greater weight loss?

A

a diet that is isocaloric but more ‘inefficient’

61
Q

what are examples of metabolic advantage?

A

dietary fiber, accessibility of calories, and compensation

62
Q

a sound weight loss diet should do what?

A

meet nutritional needs; high satiety value; provide a slow rate of weight loss (1-2 lb/wk); adaptable (personal habits and tastes; socially); minimize hunger and fatigue; no magical foods; promote better eating habits to prevent regain; different than usual diet but tolerable (long-term); improve overall health (exercise + diet + behavior modification); cost; see a physician

63
Q

what are the appropriate models for weight loss?

A

behavior modification; self-help; for more sever obesity (VLCD, Surgery (gastroplasty, jejunoileal bypass, liposuction))

64
Q

what are characteristics of a fad diet?

A

promote quick weight loss; limit food choices and dictate specific rituals; billed as cure-all… work for everyone; often recommend expensive supplements; no attempt to modify eating habits; critical or skeptical of scientific community (“they”)

65
Q

what is underweight?

A

less than or equal to 15% below desired body weight

66
Q

what is the underweight BMI?

A

<18.5

67
Q

what causes underweight?

A

eating disorders, cancer (cachexia), infectious disease, digestive tract disorders, excessive physical activity, etc.

68
Q

what are the different types of eating disorders?

A

anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS)

69
Q

what is anorexia nervosa?

A

the refusal to maintain normal body weight or failure to gain during grown

70
Q

what does AN have a fear of?

A

gaining weight

71
Q

what is bulimia nervosa?

A

recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent and inappropriate behaviors to avoid weight gain

72
Q

how often does a person with BN binge/purge?

A

at least 2x/wk for 3 months

73
Q

what is a person with BN self-evaluation influenced by?

A

body weight and shape

74
Q

what is binge eating disorder?

A

recurrent episodes of binge eating and distress regarding binge eating

75
Q

how often does binges occur for a person with binge eating disorder?

A

2x/wk for 6 months

76
Q

what is binge associated with in binge eating disorder?

A

at least 3 of the following: eating rapidly, uncomfortably full, eating large amounts when not hungry, eating alone due to embarrassment about amount eaten, feeling disgusted/depressed over amount eaten

77
Q

What is EDNOS?

A

all AN criteria but has regular menses; all AN criteria but weight is in normal range; all BN criteria except frequency less; regular compensatory behavior after eating small amount; repeated chewing and spitting out of food

78
Q

what does treatments for eating disorders consider?

A

both nutritional and psychological problems

79
Q

what is the treatment for AN?

A

oral food intake then psychological causes

80
Q

what is the treatment for BN?

A

reduce food intake and purges then psychological causes

81
Q

what is the female athlete triad?

A

disordered eating, irregular menstruation, low bone density

82
Q

what are ways to prevent eating disorders?

A

discourage restrictive dieting; awareness and acceptance of body appearance; appropriate expression of emotion; education concerning good nutrition

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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