Week 5, Chpt 3, 4

Question 1

Directivity

Answer 1

Earthquake acting like lasers.

As a rupture moves along a fault line, seismic waves radiating from the rupture can bunch together to create a concentrated pulse of energy.

Question 2

What can really hard shaking be due to?

Answer 2

Difference in the ground or directivity.

Question 3

Precursors to Earthquakes

Answer 3

Clustered foreshocks
Crustal strain
Level changes in wells
Gases in wells

Question 4

Eruption style depends on

Answer 4

Viscosity
Volatiles
Volumes

Question 5

Our atmosphere is convective as long as

Answer 5

temperature gets lower with altitude.

Question 6

Scoria

Answer 6

Bigger blocks that are a result of volcanic eruption. These are found closer to the vent.

Question 7

A cloud of hot gas with rock particles in it. It flows down the volcano travelling faster than 100km/hour and 700 degrees Celsius.

Answer 7

Pyroclastic Flow

Question 8

What is the process that drives volcanoes?

Answer 8

The Earth’s efforts to release heat.

Question 9

Element

Answer 9

A pure substance that cannot be separated into other materials.

Question 10

The smallest part of the element that retains the characteristics of the element.

Answer 10

Atom

Question 11

Molecule

Answer 11

2 or more atoms bonded together.

Question 12

A pure substance that can be subdivided into 2 or more elements.

Answer 12

Compound

Question 13

Mineral

Answer 13

A naturally occurring solid, formed by geological processes.

Has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition.

Inorganic.

Question 14

5 ways to form new mineral crystals

Answer 14

Solidification of a melt
Percipitation from a solution
Solid-state diffusion
Biomineralization
Percipitation from gas

Question 15

Characteristics of minerals

Answer 15

color
streak
luster
crystal shape
hardness
specific gravity
cleavage
magnetism
reaction with acid

Question 16

Mineral classes

Answer 16

silicates
oxides
sulfides
sulfates
halides
carbonates
native metals

Question 17

Extrusive igneous rock

Answer 17

Rock that forms by freezing lava above ground.

Question 18

Melting Conditions

Answer 18

Decompression melting
Flux melting
Heat transfer melting

Question 19

Factors that control the cooling time of magma that freezes below the surface in the intrusive realm

Answer 19

Depth of intrusion
Shape and size of magma body
Presence of circulating groundwater.

Question 20

Molten rock extrudes as

Answer 20

lava flows or pyroclastic debris.

Question 21

Textures of igneous rock

Answer 21

Glassy, fine-grained, coarse grained.

Question 22

Magma comes to the surface because

Answer 22

it’s buoyant.

Question 23

Lahar

Answer 23

Volcanic ash mudflows.

Question 24

Caldera

Answer 24

When large volumes of magma are erupted over a short period of time, structural support for the crust above the magma are lost. This creates a cauldron like depression.

Question 25

How can eruptions be predicted?

Answer 25

Ground swelling
Seismicity
Increase in gas coming out of the ground
Change in spring

Question 26

What is an example of volcanoes changing climate?

Answer 26

Volcanic ash blocking out the sun = winter.