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GLGY 209 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of sedimentary rocks

A

Clastic
Biochemical
Organic
Chemical

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2
Q

What can create sedimentary rocks?

A

Weathering
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition

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3
Q

Sedimentary rocks are classified based on

A

texture and composition.

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4
Q

Lithification

A

Transforms loose sediment into solid rock.

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5
Q

Clast composition

A

Mineral make up of sediment grains.

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6
Q

The measure of uniformity of grain sizes in sediment population.

A

Sorting

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7
Q

Cross roads are created by

A

ripple and dune migration.

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8
Q

Sedimentary basins form where

A

tectonic activity creates space.

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9
Q

Passive Margins

A

The edges of continents that are not tectonic-plate boundaries.

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10
Q

A sea level rise or TRANSGRESSION shifts depositional bets

A

landward.

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11
Q

A sea level fall or REGRESSION shifts environments toward

A

the basin.

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12
Q

5 ways to create metamorphic rocks

A 
Recrystallization
Phase change
Neocrystallization
Pressure solution
Plastic deformation
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13
Q

Protoliths

A

What gets changed in metamorphosis

Change in texture and mineralogy

Occur in a solid state

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14
Q

Metamorphism often imparts _____ upon a new rock.

A

Metamorphism often imparts foliation upon a new rock.

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15
Q

Phase change

A

New minerals form that have the same chemical composition but a different crystal structure.

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16
Q

Mineral grains partially dissolve where their surfaces press together.

A

Pressure solution.

17
Q

Plastic Deformation

A

Mineral grains soften and deform when a rock is squeezed.

18
Q

Burial metamorphism

A

Pressure squeezes pore space and water out. As you bury it, it gets warmer.

19
Q

Breakage of a rock by shearing within a fault zone.

A

Dynamic metamorphism

20
Q

Hydrothermal metamorphism

A

Melting. Downgoing plate releasing water. Spreading centre. Hot water rises and reacts with the rock. Rock that goes away from the ridge is hydrated.

21
Q

Trenches and accretionary prisms have a low geothermal gradient. These conditions prouce

A

bleuschist.

22
Q

Average age of continental crust

A

2.5 billion years.

23
Q

4 types of metamorphic rocks

A

Gneiss
Schyst
Slate
Phylite

24
Q

Blueschist metamorphism is associate with

A

ocean crust subducting beneath a continent.

25
Q

Contact metamorphism typically produces rocks that are called

A

hornfels.

26
Q

Deep time

A

Time has persisted beyond persona experience and historical record.

The processes that have been operating on our planet have been operating for a very long time.

27
Q

Geologic time

A

James Huttton. 200 years.

28
Q

Principle of Uniformitarianism

A

The processes observed today were the same in the past.

29
Q

Relative Dates

A

Which came first or later?

30
Q

Numeric Dates

A

How long ago did this happen?

31
Q

Principle of Original Horizontality

A

Because sediments settle out of a fluid by gravity they settle horizontally.

32
Q

Principle of superimposition

A

Younger strata on top, older strata on bottom.

33
Q

Principle of Lateral Continuity

A

Strata often form in laterally extensive horizontal sheets.

34
Q

Principle of cross cutting relations

A

Dikes, faults, erosions, must be younger than the material that is faulted.

35
Q

Principle of baked contacts

A

Baked rock there first.

36
Q

Principle of Inclusions

A

One rock fragment within another, the inclusions are always older.

37
Q

Unconformity

A

A gap in the rock record. Often cross cutting.

38
Q

Non conformity

A

Unconformity where igneous or metamorphic rock are capped by sedimentary rock.

39
Q

Disconformity

A

Unconformity within sedimentary layers due to an interruption in sedimentation.

GLGY 209 (13 decks)

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