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microbiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

microbes

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2
Q

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses

A

examples of microbes

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3
Q

few microbes are ___, disease causing

A

pathogenic

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4
Q

Each organisms has two names: ___ and ___

A

genus and specific epithet

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5
Q

naming and classifying organisms is known as

A

scientific nomenclature

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6
Q

___ is capitalized

A

genus

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7
Q

___ is lowercase

A

specific epithet

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8
Q

examples of nomenclature

A

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

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9
Q

what are the 7 different types of microorganisms?

A

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and multicellular animal parasites

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10
Q

what are the 3 different domains?

A

Eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

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11
Q

animals, plants, and fungi belong in which domain?

A

Eukarya

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12
Q

Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles belong in which domain?

A

archaea

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13
Q

Put the taxonomic hierarchy in order

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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14
Q

General characteristics of Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • single-celled
  • peptidoglycan cell walls
  • divide via binary fission
  • derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
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15
Q

General characteristics of Archaea

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Lack peptidoglycan cell walls
  • Often live in extreme environments
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16
Q

endosymbiosis

A

eukaryotes originated from inholdings of prokaryotic plasma membranes

endosymbiotic bacteria developed into organelles

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17
Q

bacteria and archaea have no ___

A

nucleus

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18
Q

what are extreme halophiles?

A

they can live in salty conditions

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19
Q

what are hyperthermophiles?

A

they can live in hot conditions

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20
Q

key concepts to know

A
  • all organisms evolved from cells that formed over 3 billion years ago
  • the DNA passed on from ancestors is described as conserved
  • the domain eukarya includes kingdoms fungi, plantar, and Animalia as well as protists. The domains bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes.
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21
Q

what was the first microorganism on earth?

A

bacteria

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22
Q

origin of eukaryotes

A

primitive cell –> bacteria –> eukaryotes and archaea

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23
Q

what is the precursor to chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

bacteria (endosymbiosis)

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24
Q

General characteristics of fungi

A
  • eukaryotes (distinct nucleus)
  • chitin cell walls
  • absorb organic chemicals for energy
  • chemoheterotrophic
  • yeasts are unicellular
  • mold and mushrooms are unicellular
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25
Q

Molds consist of masses of ____ which are composed of filaments called ___

A

mycelia, hyphae

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26
Q

General characteristics protozoa

A
  • eukaryotes
  • absorb or ingest organic chemicals
  • autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
  • free living or parasitic
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27
Q

General characteristics of algae

A
  • eukaryotes
  • cellulose cell walls
  • found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
  • use photosynthesis for energy
  • produce oxygen and carbohydrates
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28
Q

who has cellulose cell walls?

A

algae

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29
Q

who has chitin cell walls?

A

fungi

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30
Q

General characteristics of viruses

A
  • acellular
  • consists of DNA or RNA core
  • no cellular components –> not living
  • core surrounded by protein coat
  • coat can be enclosed by lipid envelope
  • replicated when in a living host cell
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31
Q

who has no cellular components which means that they are not living?

A

viruses

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32
Q

the core of a virus can be surrounded by __ and enclosed by ___

A

protein coat, lipid envelope

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33
Q

General characteristics of multicellular animal parasites

A
  • eukaryotes
  • not strictly microorganisms
  • multicellular animals
  • chemohetertrophic
  • parasitic flatworms and round worms called helminths
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34
Q

parasitic flatworms and round worms are called what?

A

helminths

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35
Q

what kind of cell type is archaea?

A

prokeryotic

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36
Q

what kind of cell type is bacteria?

A

prokaryotic

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37
Q

what kind of cell type is eukarya?

A

eukaryotic

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38
Q

describe cell wall of archaea

A

varies in composition, contains no peptidoglycan

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39
Q

describe cell wall of bacteria

A

contains peptidoglycan

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40
Q

describe cell wall of eukarya

A

varies in composition, contains carbohydrates

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41
Q

who are sensitive to antibiotics?

A

bacteria / viruses

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42
Q

who has one circular; some 2 circular; some linear DNA?

A

prokaryotic cell

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43
Q

who has 70S ribosomes?

A

prokaryotic cells

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44
Q

who has 80S ribosomes?

A

eukaryotic cells

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45
Q

who grows through binary fission?

A

prokaryotic cells

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46
Q

who grows through mitosis?

A

eukaryotic cells

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47
Q

bacteria grown in laboratory media

A

culture

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48
Q

population of cells derived from a single parent cell

A

clone

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49
Q

genetically different cells with a clone

A

strain

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50
Q

protection that comes from a vaccination

A

immunity

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51
Q

treatment of disease with chemicals

A

chemotherapy

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52
Q

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill microbes

A

antibiotics

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53
Q

histones in archaea

A

prokaryotic cell

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54
Q

histones present

A

eukaryotic cell

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55
Q

what was the first antibiotic?

A

penicillin

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56
Q

the study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

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57
Q

the study of fungi

A

mycology

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58
Q

the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

A

parasitology

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59
Q

the study of viruses

A

virology

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60
Q

the study of how microbes inherit traits

A

microbial genetics

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61
Q

the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

A

molecular biology

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62
Q

the study of an organisms genes; has provided tools for classifying microorganisms

A

genomics

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63
Q

DNA made from two different sources

A

Recombinant DNA

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64
Q

the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals

A

biotechnology

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65
Q

microbes that normally present in and on the human body are called __

A

normal microbiota

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66
Q

roles of normal microbiota

A
  1. prevent growth of pathogens

2. produce growth factors such as vitamin B and K

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67
Q

the ability of the body to ward off disease

A

Resistance (includes skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals)

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68
Q

microbes can exist as single cells floating along or microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

A

biofilm

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69
Q
  • Influenze A virus
  • primarily in waterfowl and poultry
  • sustained human-to-human transmission has not yet occurred
A

Avian influenza A (H5N1)

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70
Q
  • caused by west nile virus
  • in non-migratory birds
  • transmitted b/w birds, horses, and mosquitoes
A

west nile encephalitis

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71
Q
  • caused by prion and infectious protein
A

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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72
Q
  • toxin-producing strain of E. coli

- leading cause of diarrhea worldwide

A

E. coli O157:H7

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73
Q
  • ebola virus

- transmitted via contact with infected blood or body fluids

A

ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF)

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74
Q

transmitted through water

A

Cryptosporidiosis

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75
Q
  • caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

- STD

A

AIDS

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76
Q

the study of disease

A

pathology

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77
Q

the cause of a disease

A

etiology

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78
Q

the development of diseases

A

pathogenesis

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79
Q

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

A

infection

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80
Q

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

A

disease

81
Q

may be present of days, weeks, or months. localized in certain regions

A

transient microbiota

82
Q

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

A

normal microbiota

83
Q

competition between microbes

A

microbial antagonism

84
Q

How do normal micro. protect host?

A
  • Competing for nutrients

- producing substance harmful to invading microbes - affecting pH and available oxygen

85
Q

The relationship between normal microbiota & host

A

symbiosis

86
Q

One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

A

commensalism

87
Q

when both organisms benefit

A

mutualism

88
Q

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

A

parasitism

89
Q

Do not cause disease in normal habitat, or wait or host to become weakened

A

opportunistic pathogens

90
Q

Essay: Koch postulate

A
  1. Same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host & grown in pure culture
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
  4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
91
Q

Essay: Exceptions to Koch postulate

A

Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions

Some pathogens cause disease only in humans

Some microbes have never been cultured

92
Q

symptoms vs signs

A

symptoms - changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of a disease

signs - changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

93
Q

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

A

syndrome

94
Q

a disease that is spread from one host to another

A

communicable disease

95
Q

disease that is not spread from one host to another

A

non-communicable disease

96
Q

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

A

contagious disease

97
Q

disease that occurs only occasionally

A

sporadic disease

98
Q

disease constantly present in population

A

endemic disease

99
Q

worldwide epidemic

A

pandemic disease

100
Q

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease last only a short time

A

acute disease

101
Q

symptoms develop slowly

A

chronic disease

102
Q

intermediate between acute & chronic

A

subacute disease

103
Q

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

A

latent disease

104
Q

immunity in most of a population

A

herd immunity

105
Q

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

A

local infection

106
Q

an infection throughout the body, Spread by blood or lymph nodes

A

systemic (generalized infection)

107
Q

systemic infection that began as a local infection (infections of the teeth, tonsils, or sinuses)

A

focal infection

108
Q

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

A

sepsis

109
Q

bacteremia vs. septicemia

A

Bacteremia - bacteria in the blood

Septicemia – also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

110
Q

Toxins in the blood (tetanus)

A

toxemia

111
Q

viruses in the blood

A

viremia

112
Q

Primary infection vs secondary

A

Primary: acute infection that causes the initial illness

Secondary: opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
Pneumocytosis pneumonia in AIDS patience

113
Q

No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

A

subclinical disease

114
Q

Essay: development of disease

A

Incubuation period: interval between initial infection & first signs and symptoms

Prodromal period: short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

Period of illness: disease is most severe

Period of decline: signs & symptoms subside

Period of convalescence: body returns to its prediseased state

115
Q

source of disease

A

reservoir of infection

116
Q

Carriers – may have inapparent infections or latent disease is an example of

A

human reservoirs

117
Q

Zoonoses – diseases transmitted from animals to humans is an example of

A

animal reservoirs

118
Q

soil and water is an example of what

A

non living reservoirs

119
Q

requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host

A

direct contact transmission

120
Q

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite

A

indirect contact transmission

121
Q

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

A

droplet transmission

122
Q

inanimate reservoirs

A

waterborne, food borne, airborne

123
Q

vectors

A

Arthropods, fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes

124
Q

how do vectors transmit disease?

A

mechanical transmission and biological transmission

125
Q

arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

A

mechanical transmission

126
Q

pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces

A

biological transmission

127
Q

the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

A

epidemiology

128
Q

single shaped

A

monomorphic

129
Q

polymorphic

A

many shapes

130
Q

3 morphology of bacteria cell

A

bacillus (rod shaped), coccus (spherical), and spirillium

131
Q

outermost region of flagella

A

filament

132
Q

attached flagella to filament

A

hook

133
Q

this part of the flagella consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

A

basal body

134
Q

what are cell wall components made of?

A

peptidoglycan

135
Q

what does peptidoglycan consist of?

A

repeating rows of NAG and NAM

136
Q

what are the rows of NAG and NAM linked by?

A

polypeptides

137
Q

little peptidoglycan in cell wall

A

gram negative

138
Q

a lot of peptidoglycan in cell wall

A

gram positive

139
Q

which gram cell has thick peptidoglycan?

A

gram +

140
Q

which gram cell has teichoic acid?

A

gram +

141
Q

which gram has thin peptidoglycan?

A

gram -

142
Q

which gram has an outer membrane?

A

gram -

143
Q

which gram has a periplasmic space?

A

gram -

144
Q

Describe gram staining with respect to why + and – appear different colors

A

Crystal violet iodine crystals form inside cell

Gram-positive

  • Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
  • CV-I crystals do not leave

Gram-negative

  • Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
  • CV-I washes out; cells are colorless

Safranin added to stain cells

145
Q

What chemicals damage membrane?

A

Alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics cause leakage of cell contents

146
Q

substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy expended

A

passive processes

147
Q

substances move from low concentration to high concentration; energy expended

A

active processes

148
Q

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

simple diffusion

149
Q

how does different material move across the membrane?

A

passive processes, active processes, and simple diffusion

150
Q

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

A

fascinated diffusion

151
Q

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

A

osmosis

152
Q

water channels

A

aquaporins

153
Q

solute concentrations equal inside and outside of cell; the water is at equilibrium

A

isotonic

154
Q

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell

A

hypotonic

155
Q

solute concentrations is higher outside of cell than inside; water moves out of cell

A

hypertonic

156
Q

circular thread of DNA that contains the cell’s genetic information

A

bacterial chromosome

157
Q

extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry non-crucial genes (i.e antibiotic resistance, production of toxins)

A

plasmids

158
Q

prokaryote ribosomes

A

50S + 30S = 70S

159
Q

eukaryote ribosomes

A

60S + 40S = 80S

160
Q

endospore formation

A

sporulation

161
Q

ndospore returns to vegetative state

A

germination

162
Q

what is produced by bacillus and clostridium?

A

endospores

163
Q

what are resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted?

A

endospores

164
Q

substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

165
Q

double membrane structure (nuclear envelope) that contains the cell’s DNA

A

nucleus

166
Q

studded with ribosome; sites of protein synthesis

A

rough ER

167
Q

no ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones

A

smooth ER

168
Q

transport organelle; modifies proteins from the ER, transports modified proteins via secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane

A

golgi complex

169
Q

double membrane; contains inner folds (cristae) & fluid (matrix); involved in cellular respiration (ATP Production)

A

mitochondria

170
Q

“cell trash can”; vesicles formed in the golgi complex, contain digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

171
Q

cavities in the cell formed from the Golgi complex; bring food into cells, provide shape & storage

A

vacuoles

172
Q

location of photosynthesis; contain flattened membranes (thylakoids) that contain chlorophyll (pigment)

A

chloroplast

173
Q

oxidize fatty acids, destroy peroxide (H2O2)

A

peroxisomes

174
Q

from the mitotic spindle; critical role in cell division

A

centrosomes

175
Q

Evolution of eukaryotes (endosymbiotic theory)

A

Life arose as simple organisms 3.5 to 4 billion years ago (prokaryotes)

First eukaryotes evolved 2.5 billion years ago

Endosymbiotic Theory: Larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes

Ingested photosynthetic bacteria become chloroplasts

Ingested aerobic bacteria become mitochondria

176
Q

the buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell

A

metabolism

177
Q

provides energy and create substances that sustain life

A

metabolism

178
Q

breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism

A

catabolism

179
Q

uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; endergonic

A

anabolism

180
Q

sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

A

metabolic pathways

181
Q

the theory states that chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions and molecules collide

A

collision theory

182
Q

the collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

A

activation energy

183
Q

the frequency of collisons containing enough energy to bring about a reaction

A

reaction rate

184
Q

what can increase reaction rate?

A

enzymes, temperature, or concentration

185
Q

what speed up chemical reactions without being altered

A

catalyst

186
Q

When substrate concentration is high, its called

A

saturation

187
Q

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate

A

competitive inhibitors

188
Q

removal or electrons

A

oxidation

189
Q

gain of electrons

A

reductions

190
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy?

A

the sun

191
Q

plants convert ___ into ___

A

kinetic energy into chemical energy

192
Q

why can light energy not be used directly to fuel chemical reactions in cells?

A

energy must be captured in the bonds of ATP

stores energy used by plants, animals, and microorganism

193
Q

formula to produce ATP

A

ADP + phosphate group + energy = ATP

194
Q

cell respiration can be divided into 3 main stages

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
195
Q

what happens in glycolysis?

A

breaks glucose into 2 molecules of 3 carbon compounds called pyruvates

196
Q

what are 2 molecules or 3 carbon compounds called

A

pyruvate

197
Q

what breaks down pyruvate

A

citric acid cycle

198
Q

what is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate & 2 H2O & 2 ATP & 2 NADH & 2 H

199
Q

what does each turn of the citric acid cycle produce?

A

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH

microbiology (14 decks)

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