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microbiology > Chapter 8 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of genes

A

genetics

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2
Q

the structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information (genes)

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

segments of DNA that encode functional products (usually proteins)

A

genes

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4
Q

the location of a gene on a chromosome is called a ___

A

locus

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5
Q

all the genetic information in a cell

A

genome

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6
Q

typical chain of events described by central dogma

A

DNA
mRNA
protein
function

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7
Q

is a nucleic acid; macromolecule that stores info

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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8
Q

dna consists of individual units called

A

nucleotides

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9
Q

physical structure of DNA is frequently described as a “____”

A

double helix

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10
Q

what is the structure of the backbone of DNA molecules

A

2 alternating molecules: sugar and phosphate group

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11
Q

mutation central dogma

A

mutated DNA
mutated mRNA
altered protein
altered function

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12
Q

2 important features of DNA

A
  1. molecules of DNA are passed down from parent to off spring
  2. DNA encodes instructions on how to create a body & control its growth, development & behavior
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13
Q

the sugar in DNA is always ____

A

deoxyribose

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14
Q

why is DNA called polymers?

A

because theyre made of monomers called nucleotide

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15
Q

what are the 4 nitrogen-containing bases in DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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16
Q

G & C have _____

A

triple bonds; hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

A & T have _____

A

double bonds

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18
Q

why is replication highly accurate?

A

due to the proofreading capability of DNA polymerase

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19
Q

most bacterial DNA is ____

A

bidirectional

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20
Q

adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

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21
Q

Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; Okazaki fragments, and new segments in excision repair

A

DNA ligase

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22
Q

Synthesizes DNA; proofreads and repairs DNA

A

DNA polymerase

23
Q

Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA; facilitate repair and insertions

A

endonuclease

24
Q

Cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA; facilitate repair

A

exonucleases

25
Q

Unwinds double-stranded DNA

A

Helicase

26
Q

Adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA

A

methylase

27
Q

An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

A

primase

28
Q

mainly for eukaryotes; RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together

A

ribozyme

29
Q

Copies RNA from a DNA template

A

RNA polymerase

30
Q

RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together

A

snRNP

31
Q

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

A

Topoisomerase

32
Q

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

A

Topoisomerase

33
Q

Cuts DNA backbone, leaving single-stranded “sticky ends”

A

transposase

34
Q

Cuts DNA backbone, leaving single-stranded “sticky ends”

A

transposase

35
Q

the location of a gene on a chromosome is called a

A

locus

36
Q

a ____ gene is a sequence of bases in a DNA molecule that carries the info

A

gene

37
Q

what is a gene necessary for producing?

A

a polypeptide or RNA molecule.

38
Q

each gene is the instruction set for producing one particular molecule, ___

A

protein

39
Q

Alternative versions of a gene that code for the same feature are called

A

alleles

40
Q

non-coding DNA within a gene

A

intron

41
Q

non-coding DNA between a gene

A

exons

42
Q

DNA –> RNA

A

transcription

43
Q

how do we go from DNA instructions to physical appearance or functionality?

A

transcription & translation

44
Q

copy of a gene’s base sequence is made

A

transcription

45
Q

that copy is then used to direct polypeptide sequence

A

translation

46
Q

that copy is then used to direct polypeptide sequence

A

translation

47
Q

DNA –> RNA

A

transcription

48
Q

single- stranded nucleotide

A

ribonucleic acid

49
Q

5-carbon ribose sugar

A

ribonucleic acid

50
Q

contains uracil instead of thymine

A

ribonucleic acid

51
Q

carries coded

information from DNA to ribosomes

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

52
Q

integral part of ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

53
Q

transports amino acids during protein synthesis

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

microbiology (14 decks)

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