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microbiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

referes to bacterial contamination

A

sepsis

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2
Q

is the absence of significant contamination

A

asepsis

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3
Q

removing and destroying all microbial life

A

sterilization

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4
Q

most common method of sterilization

A

heat

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5
Q

how are liquids serialized?

A

by filtration

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6
Q

killing Clostridium botulinum endospores from canned goods

A

commercial sterilization

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7
Q

destroying harmful microorganisms

A

disinfection

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8
Q

how does high temperature kill bacteria?

A

denature proteins

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9
Q

destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissue

A

antisepsis

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10
Q

when do bacteria populations usually die?

A

at a constant rate after heat or treatment with chemical s

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11
Q

the effectiveness of treatment depends on what:

A
  1. number of microbes
  2. environment (organic matter, temperature, biofilms)
  3. time of exposure
  4. microbial characteristics
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12
Q

what denatures enzymes?

A

heat

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13
Q

passage of substance through a screen like material

A

filtration

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14
Q

___ is used for heat-sensitive materials

A

filtration

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15
Q

low temperature for microbial control has a _____ effect

A

bacteriostatic

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16
Q

what are some examples of low temperature having a bacteria effect?

A
  1. refrigeration
  2. deep-freezing
  3. lyophilization (freeze drying)
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17
Q

during filtration, what removes microbes at >0.3 μm?

A

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters

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18
Q

during filtration, what removes microbes at >0.22 μm?

A

membrane filters

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19
Q

absence of water prevents metabolism

A

desiccation

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20
Q

what denatures proteins?

A

high pressure

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21
Q

Osmotic pressure uses salts and sugars to create hypertonic environment; causes ___

A

plasmolysis

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22
Q

X ray is what time of radiation

A

ionizing radiation

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23
Q

gamma rays are what type of radiation

A

ionizing radiation

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24
Q

electron beams are what type of radiation

A

ionizing radiation

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25
Q

why are ionizing radiation bad for you?

A

because it ionizes water to create reactive hydroxyl radicals

damages DNA by causing lethal mutations

26
Q

why is non-ioninzing radiation bad?

A

it causes damage to DNA by creating a thymine dimer

27
Q

this radiation kill by heat; not especially antimicrobial

A

microwaves

28
Q

principles of effective disinfection

A
  1. concentration of disinfectant
  2. organic matter (the more, the better they can survive)
  3. pH (6.5)
  4. time
29
Q

the disk-diffusion method

A
  1. evaluates efficacy of chemical agents
  2. filter paper disks are soaked in a chemical and placed on a culture
  3. look for zone of inhibition around disks
30
Q

injure lipids of plasma membranes causing cellular leakage

A

phenols and phenolics

31
Q

contain 2 phenol groups connected by a bridge

example: hexachlorophene triclosan

A

bisphenols

32
Q

disrupt by plasma membranes

A

bisphenols

33
Q

chemical chlorhexidine that is used in surgical hand scrubs and disrupt plasma membranes

A

biguanides

34
Q

iodine: tincture

A

solution in aqueous alcohol

35
Q

iodine: iodophor

A

slow release combined with organic molecules

36
Q

what king of chemical is iodine?

A

halogen

37
Q

impairs protein synthesis and alters membranes

A

iodine

38
Q

oxidizing agents; shut down cellular enzymes systems

A

chlorine

39
Q

examples of chlorine

A

bleach: hypochlorous acid
chloramine: chlorine + ammonia

40
Q

denatures proteins and dissolves lipids

A

alcohols

41
Q

no effect on endospores and non enveloped viruses

A

alcohols

42
Q

examples of alcohol that require water

A

ethanol and isopropanol

43
Q

very small amount exert antimicrobial activity

A

oligodynamic action

44
Q

examples of heavy metals

A

silver, mercury, copper, zinc

45
Q

prevents mildew in paint

A

mercuric chloride

46
Q

is an algicide

A

copper sulfate

47
Q

found in mouthwash

A

zinc chloride

48
Q

surface-active agents

A
  1. soap - degerming manual removal of germs; emulsification (breakdown of oil)
  2. acid-anionic sanitizers - anions react with plasma membrane
  3. quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) - cations are bactericidal, denature proteins, disrupt plasma membrane
49
Q

what does sulfur dioxide prevent?

A

wine spoilage

50
Q

inhibits metabolism; sorbic acid & benzoic acid

A

organic acids

51
Q

what chemical food preservatives prevent endospore germination?

A

nitrites and nitrates

52
Q

proteins produced by one bacterium that inhibits another

A

bacteriocins

53
Q

antibiotics kill what?

A

bacteria

54
Q

these antibiotics prevent spoilage of cheese

A

nisin and natamycin

55
Q

inactive proteins by cross-linking with functional groups

A

aldehydes

56
Q

used for preserving specimens and in medical equipment

A

aldehydes

57
Q

example of an aldehyde

A

formaldehyde

58
Q

is one of the few liquid chemical sterilizing agents

A

Glutaraldehyde

59
Q

gaseous sterilants cause alkylation

A

replacing hydrogen atoms of chemical group with a free radical

60
Q

a chemical sterilization used for heat-sensitive materials

A

ethylene oxide

microbiology (14 decks)

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