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microbiology > Chapter 16.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 16.2 Flashcards

1
Q

ability to ward off disease

A

immunity

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2
Q

lack of resistance to a disease

A

susceptibility

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3
Q

defenses against any pathogen; rapid, present at birth

A

innate immunity

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4
Q

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component

A

adaptive immunity

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5
Q

first-line of defense

A

skin & mucous membranes

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6
Q

second-line of defense

A

natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substance

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7
Q

_____ on host cells attach to ______

A

toll-like receptors (TLRs) on host cells attach to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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8
Q

TLRs bound to PAMPs induce the release of ____ from the host cell that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

A

cytokines

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9
Q

inner portion made of connective tissue

A

dermis

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10
Q

very tightly packed inner layer containing keratin

A

epidermis

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11
Q

a protective protein in skin

A

keratin

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12
Q

epithelial layer that lines the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

A

mucous membranes

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13
Q

viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracts from drying out

A

mucus

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14
Q

drains tears; washes eye

A

lacrimal apparatus

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15
Q

transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

A

ciliary escalator

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16
Q

prevents microbes from entering the ear

A

earwax

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17
Q

cleans the urethra via flow

A

urine

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18
Q

move microorganisms out of the vaginal tract

A

vaginal secretions

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19
Q

forms a protective film and lowers the pH (3-5) of skin

A

sebum

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20
Q

the perspiration tears. alive, and urine destroys bacterial cell walls

A

lysozyme

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21
Q

low pH (1.2-3.0) of ____ destroys most bacteria and toxins

A

gastric juice

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22
Q

low pH (3-5) of vaginal secretions inhibit microbes

A

vaginal secretions

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23
Q

what is produced by vaginal epithelial cells?

A

glycogen

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24
Q

____ compete with pathogens via microbial antagonism

A

normal microbiota

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25
Q

product substances harmful to pathogens

A

normal microbiota

26
Q

after conditions that affect pathogen survival

A

normal microbiota

27
Q

one organism benefits while the other (host) is unharmed

A

commensalism

28
Q

live microbial cultures administered to exert a beneficial effect

A

probiotics

29
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

30
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

31
Q

created in red bone marrow stem cells via ______

A

hematopoiesis

32
Q

are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope

A

granulocytes

33
Q

not alive until leaves blood and enters tissues

A

monocytes

34
Q

also dispose of worn out blood cells

A

monocytes

35
Q

initiate adaptive immune systems

A

dendritic cells

36
Q

phagocytic; work in early stages of infection

A

neutrophils

37
Q

release histamine; work in allergic responses

A

basophils

38
Q

phagocytic; toxic against parasites and helminths

A

eosinophils

39
Q

are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope

A

Agranulocytes

40
Q

mature into macrophages in tissues where they are phagocytic

A

monocytes

41
Q

monocytes mature into ____ in tissues where they are phagocytic

A

macrophages

42
Q

found in the skin, mucous membranes, and thymus; phagocytic

A

dendritic cells

43
Q

T cells, B cells, and NK cells; play a role in adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes

44
Q

T cells, B cells, and NK cells; play a role in adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes

45
Q

percentage of neutrophils in samples of 100 white blood cells

A

60-70%

46
Q

percentage of basophils in samples of 100 white blood cells

A

1%

47
Q

percentage of eosinophils in samples of 100 white blood cells

A

3%

48
Q

percentage of monocytes in samples of 100 white blood cells

A

5%

49
Q

percentage of lymphocytes in samples of 100 white blood cells

A

20-25%%

50
Q

Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by

A

phagocytes

51
Q

when an infections occurs, ____ and ____ migrate to a site of infection and become activated

A

granulocytes and monocytes migrate

52
Q

dominate during the initial phase of infection during phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

53
Q

dominate as infection progresses and scavenge remaining microbes during phagocytosis

A

macrophages

54
Q

reside in certain tissues and organs of the body

A

fixed macrophages

55
Q

KNOW FIGURE 16.7 - summarize

  1. attach good guy to bad guy via TLR & PAMPs
  2. Ingest pathogen via phagocyte
  3. Put pathogen in phagosome
  4. combine lysosome and phagosome = phagolysosome
  5. digest the pathogen
  6. discharge the residual bodies
A

1 step. via chemotaxis = attracts the bad guy to the crime fighter

  1. adherence of phagocytes to microbe via toll-receptor receptor and PAMP
  2. ingestion by phagocyte
  3. formation of phagosome and the its a phagocytic vesicle that is acidic
  4. lysosome and phagosome come together
  5. formes a phagolysososome
  6. all the digestive enzymes start tearing apart this pathogen
  7. formation of residual body is dumped out of the cell
56
Q

redness, swelling, pain, and heat

A

inflammation

57
Q

TLRs produce cytokines , which stimulate the liver to produce ____ (complement, cytokine, and kinins)

A

acute-phase proteins

58
Q

TLRs produce cytokines , which stimulate the liver to produce ____ (complement, cytokine, and kinins)

A

acute-phase proteins

59
Q

Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

A

histamine

60
Q

Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

also chemotaxis of neutrophils

A

kinins

61
Q

Intensify histamine and kinin effect (usually associated with pain)

A

Prostaglandins

62
Q

Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

A

Leukotrienes

microbiology (14 decks)

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