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microbiology > Chapter 6 (Part 1&2) > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (Part 1&2) Flashcards

1
Q

when looking at microbial growth, what do we refer to?

A

the number of cells, not the size of each cell

- are they replicating? not are they growing

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2
Q

microbes accumulate in ___

A

colonies

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3
Q

bacteria survive and grow slowly in what kind of environments?

A

nutrient poor environments

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4
Q

when bacteria grow in poor environments, what do they form?

A

biofilms

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5
Q

what are the physical requirements for microbial growth?

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. osmotic pressure
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6
Q

what are the chemical requirements for microbial growth?

A
  1. carbon (comes from organic materials)
  2. nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
  3. trace elements
  4. oxygen
  5. organic growth factors
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7
Q

what are the temperature requirements for microbial growth?

A
  1. minimum growth temperature
  2. optimum growth temperature
  3. maximum growth temperature

the difference between the max and min is roughly 30 degrees celsius

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8
Q

which of the following is not a chemical requirement at all times in microbial growth?

A

Oxygen, it can poison them

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9
Q

what are psychophiles?

A

cold loving

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10
Q

what are mesophiles?

A

our pathogens, moderate-temperature-loving

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11
Q

what are thermophiles?

A

heat-loving

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12
Q

at what temperature do psychotrophs grow?

A

about 25 degrees celsius

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13
Q

what do psychotrophs cause?

A

food spoilage

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14
Q

at what temperature do thermophiles grow?

A

50 - 60 degree celsius

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15
Q

where are thermophiles found?

A

hot springs and organic compost

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16
Q

at what temperature do hyperthermophiles grow?

A

above 80 degree celsius

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17
Q

most bacteria grow between what pH?

A

6.5 - 7.5

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18
Q

mold and yeast grow between pH of?

A

5 & 6

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19
Q

___ grow in acidic environments

A

acidophiles

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20
Q

What is H. pylori?

A

only bacteria that can grow in your stomach & can cause holes in the lining

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21
Q

what do microbes produce when grown in a media?

A

acid

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22
Q

What do we use to neutralize the addition of acids? what are some examples?

A

buffers

  1. peptone
  2. phosphate salts
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23
Q

What do we use to neutralize the addition of acids? what are some examples?

A

buffers

  1. peptone
  2. phosphate salts
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24
Q

how do bacteria get their food?

A

when bacteria get their food, they get nutrients that are in solution.

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25
Q

bacteria are _% water

A

80-90%

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26
Q

what can hinder the growth of bacteria?

A

too much salt or nutrients

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27
Q

___ is when the environment is higher in solutes that insides the cells

A

hypertonic environments

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28
Q

in hypertonic environments, ___ occurs

A

plasmolysis

29
Q

what is plasmolysis due to?

A

high osmotic pressure

30
Q

what happens during plasmolysis?

A
  • shrinkage of cell

- plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall

31
Q

what happens during plasmolysis?

A
  • shrinkage of cell

- plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall

32
Q

these bacteria retire high osmotic pressure (high salt)

A

extreme or obligate halophiles

33
Q

these bacteria tolerate high osmotic pressure; usually 2%, but can be as high as 15%

A

facultative halophiles

34
Q

these bacteria tolerate high osmotic pressure; usually 2%, but can be as high as 15%

A

facultative halophiles

35
Q

what is #1 thing when you are going bacteria?

A

WATER

36
Q

besides water, what is the second most important growth requirement?

A

CARBON

37
Q

What are the 2 main components of bacteria?

A

water and carbon

38
Q

What gets most Carbon from energy source or organic molecules ?

A

chemoheterotrophs (humans)

39
Q

what gets most CO2 from energy source?

A

autotrophs

40
Q

what element is 14% of cell dry weights?

A

nitrogen

41
Q

where do bacterial cells get nitrogen from?

A

decomposed protein material for the nitrogen source

42
Q

what is sulfur used for?

A

amino acids, thiamin, and biotin

43
Q

in sulfur, most bacteria decompose what for sulfur source?

A

decompose protein

44
Q

in sulfur, most bacteria decompose what for sulfur source?

A

decompose protein

45
Q

examples of trace element:

A

iron, copper, nickel, molybdenum and zinc

46
Q

inorganic elements required in small amounts, usually as enzyme cofactors

A

trace elements

47
Q

what is phosphorus used for?

A

DNA, RNA, and ATP

48
Q

where are phosphorus found in?

A

membranes

49
Q

what microorganism requires oxygen?

A

obligate aerobes

50
Q

what microorganism grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available?

A

facultative anaerobes

51
Q

what microorganism is unable to use oxygen and are harmed by it?

A

obligate anaerobes

52
Q

what microorganism tolerate but cannot use

oxygen?

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

53
Q

what microorganisms require oxygen concentration lower than air?

A

microaerophiles

54
Q

only grow with oxygen

A

obligate aerobes

55
Q

growth occurs only where high concretions of oxygen have diffused into the medium

A

obligate aerobes

56
Q

both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth in presence of oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

57
Q

only anaerobic growth, cannot grown in presences of oxygen

A

obligate aerobes

58
Q

SOD (super oxide dismutase) enzyme is present in:

A

obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, & aerotolerant anaerobes

59
Q

growth is best where most oxygen is present but occurs throughout tube

A

facultative anaerobes

60
Q

growth occurs only where there is no oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

61
Q

only aerobic growth but growth continues in pretense of oxygen

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

62
Q

growth occurs evenly, oxygen has no effect

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

63
Q

only aerobic growth oxygen required in low concentration

A

microaerophiles

64
Q

growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium

A

microaerophiles

65
Q

solution pass through a filter that collects bacteria, filter is transferred to a petri dish and grows as colonies on the surface

A

filtration

66
Q

the most probable number (MPN) method

A
  • multiple tube test
  • count positive tubes
  • compare with statistical table
67
Q

measurements of cloudiness with a spectrophotometer

A

turbidity

68
Q

amount of metabolic products is proportionally to the number of bacteria

A

metabolic activity

69
Q

bacteria are filtered, dried, and weighed; used for filamentous organisms

A

dry weight

microbiology (14 decks)

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