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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 > ID 1 > Flashcards

ID 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecology

A

Relationship with surroundings

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

How something functions

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of prokarytoes?

A

Bacteria

Archaea (extremophiles, more like eukaryotes)

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4
Q

How many species of bacteria are there? How many cause disease?

A

200 million

2 thousand

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5
Q

What are Cyanobacteria?

A

Photosynthetic type of bacteria

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6
Q

What is a strain?

A

A genetic variant of a species

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7
Q

What is a commensal organism?

A

Organism which lives off another’s food/nutrients, but has no affect on the other
Like mutualistic relationship but only one organism benefits

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8
Q

How do bacteria communicate?

A

Quorum sensing

Bacteria detect and produce small molecules which enable them to determine the number of cells present

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9
Q

Describe the Ballicus genus

A

Gram positive
Aerobic
Spore forming
Can be extremophiles

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10
Q

What are 3 species of ballicus and what do they cause?

A

B. Anthracis - anthrax (lungs/skin/intestines)
B. Cereus - gastroenteritis
B. Thuringienesis - attack insect larvae

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11
Q

What are spores?

A

Unit of sexual/asesual reproduction

Adapted to help dispersal and survival in unfavourable conditions

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12
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria and archaea

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of viral replication?

A

Lytic cycle

Lytogenic cycle

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14
Q

What is the function of normal flora? How can they sometimes be harmful?

A

Prevent overgrowth of some bacteria and pathogens

React with sugar in diet to produce excess acid and damage teeth

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15
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host

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16
Q

What are the 4 growth phases for bacteria and what happens at each?

A
  1. Lag phase - after inoculation/vaccine
  2. Exponential growth - binary fission
  3. Stationary phase - nutrients deplete and waste products accumulate
  4. Decline phase - old then young bacteria die
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17
Q

What are 4 methods for bacterial enumeration? (establishing the number of)

A

Microscopic counting grid
Colony counting
Turbidity (cloudiness of fluid)
Opacity (non transparent areas)

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18
Q

What do bacteria require to grow?

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Minerals

19
Q

What are they 2 types of feeders and which is most common?

A

Autotroph - synthesise own food

Heterotroph - feed off organic compounds of others, most common

20
Q

What are the 3 temperature classes that bacteria can be sorted into?

A

Psychrophilic - 15
Mesophilic - 20-45
Thermophilic - 60

21
Q

What are the types of bacteria based on oxygen requirements?

A

Aerobes
Anaerobes
Microaerobes

22
Q

What are the subtypes of anaerobes?

A

Obligate - killed by O2
Aerotolerant - not killed but don’t use it
Facultative - can grow with or without

23
Q

What are the 3 ways bacteria respond to deficiency

A

Extracelluar molecules collect nutrients
Semi-starvation phase - smaller, slower met rate
Sporulation and resting cells

24
Q

What are the types of culture mediums?

A

Defined (known composition)
Complex (exact unknown composition)
Differential (differentiate between microbes)
Selective (limit other microbe growth)

25
Q

Why might microorganisms be preserved?

A

Vaccination
Testing
Research

26
Q

How are bacteria preserved?

A

Liquid nitrogen

Freezing

27
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

Used to kill microbes on an inanimate object

28
Q

What is a antiseptic?

A

Used to kill microbes on living tissue

29
Q

What is a bacteriostatic?

A

Inhibits binary fission

30
Q

What are physical methods of bacterial inactivation? (Damage/slow enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids and membranes)

A

Freezing
Boiling ( moist, autoclave, 121.5 for 15, dry flame)
Refrigerate
Vacuum (aerobes only)
Pasteurisation (flash or UHT for 1 second)

31
Q

Why is gamma/ionising radiation not used for inactivation with humans? Why not UV?

A

Carcinogenic

Damages skin

32
Q

What are chemical methods of inactivation

A 
Sulfur dioxide
Alcohol (not endospores or naked viruses)
Increase osmotic pressure
Halogens
Phenols 
Metals
33
Q

What are naked viruses?

A

Viruses with no envelope

34
Q

What are most resistant to inactivation?

A

Spores

Prions

35
Q

How does bacterial DNA replicate?

A

Semi conservative replication
5’-3’
By DNA polymerase

36
Q

Describe the structure of a bacterial genome?

A

A single, circular

37
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis?

A

Eukaryotic takes place in ribosomes and cytoplasm, prokaryotic just in ribosomes so translation/scription almost simultaneous
No intron removal in prokaryotic

38
Q

What are examples of bacterial molecules?

A 
Chromosomes
Ribosomal rna 
Cell surface proteins
Toxins
Virulence factors
39
Q

What is needed for PCR?

A

Genomic DNA
Polymerase
Primer (short sequence of nucleic acid)
Buffer

40
Q

Describe the process of PCR?

A

Mix heated to 90 degrees to seperate DNA strands
Cooled to 30 degrees to allow primers to anneal
Heat to 60/70 degrees to join new strands
Repeat

41
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

Determining the order of nucleotides in DNA

42
Q

What are the 2 methods for DNA sequencing?

A

Maxam Gilbert - enzyme cleavage after certain base, radioactive, uses x ray
Sanger - chain termination after certain base, easy but requires PCR, no longer used for whole genomes

43
Q

What is genetic typing or genotyping?

A

Comparing differences in 2 individuals genotype

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 (54 decks)

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