7.2 Basic Lab Test

Question 1

What are the components of a CMP

Answer 1

1) Glucose
2) Sodium
3) Potassium
4) Calcium
5) Chloride
6) CO2
7) Creatinine
8) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
9) Albumin
10) Total Protein
11) Total Bilirubin
12) Alkaline Phosphate (ALP)
13) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
14) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Question 2

What does CMP stand for?

Answer 2

Complete Metabolic Panal/Profile

Question 3

Define Glucose

Answer 3

• Is a carbohydrate and is a major source of fuel for cells
• Measuring glucose in the blood determines if a patient is hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic
• Fasting hyperglycemia is associated with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 4

What is a normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?

Answer 4

70-99 mg/dL

Question 5

Define Sodium

Answer 5

• Electrolyte
• Regulation of plasma volume
• Generation of nerve impulses
• Generation of muscle contractions
• Facilitation of glucose absorption in the small intestine
• Hypernatremia and hyponatremia represent sodium imbalances (usually more about water balance)

Question 6

What is the normal plasma sodium level?

Answer 6

136-146 mEq/L

Question 7

Define Potassium

Answer 7

• Electrolyte
• Generation of nerve imposes
• Generation of muscle contractions
• Acid Base Balance
• Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia

Question 8

What is the normal plasma potassium level?

Answer 8

3.5-5.1 mEq/L

Question 9

Define Calcium

Answer 9

• Electrolyte
• Muscle contraction
• Cardiac function
• Enzyme activation
• Exocytosis of neurotransmitters
• Blood clotting
• Normal bone and tooth architecture
• Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

Question 10

What is the normal plasma calcium level?

Answer 10

8.6-10.2 mg/dL

Question 11

Define Chloride

Answer 11

• Electrolyte
• Acid base Balance
• Facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine)

Question 12

What is the normal plasma chloride level?

Answer 12

95-105 mEq/L

Question 13

Define Creatinine

Answer 13

• Creatinine is a waste product made in skeletal muscle and filtered by the kidneys. when the kidneys fail to filter creatinine, the level of creatinine in the blood increases.
• First sign of kidney failure if high level

Question 14

What are the normal plasma levels of Creatinine?

Answer 14

Male: 0.9-1.3 mg/dL
Female: 0.6-1.1 mg/dL

Question 15

Define Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 15

• Blood urea nitrogen is a measure of the amount of urea in the blood. Urea is a wast product made in the lover from amino acid metabolism and ammonia.
• Filtered by the kidneys

Question 16

What are the normal plasma levels of BUN?

Answer 16

6-20 mg/dL

Question 17

Define Albumin/Total protein

Answer 17

• Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver. It is used to determine nutritional status or to screen for certain liver and kidney disorders as well as other diseases.
• Low albumin signal of possible malnourished

Question 18

Functions of Albumin

Answer 18

1) Maintenance of oncotic pressure
2) Transportation of thyroid hormone, fat-soluble hormones, free fatty acids, unconjugated bilirubin, and many drugs.
3) Competitively binds to Ca++
4) Buffers pH

Question 19

Define Total Bilirubin

Answer 19

-Bilirubin is a hydrophobic waste product from the metabolism of red blood cells. RBC’s generally live for 90-120 days, after which they begin to structurally deteriorate as they circulate in the bloodstream.

Question 20

What three organs are responsible for RBC cleanup?

Answer 20

-Three main organs are responsible for RBC clean up, the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. RBCs are degraded and the hemoglobin is made into bilirubin, and then it is all sent tot he liver.

Question 21

What are the 3 aminotransferases (transaminases)?

Answer 21

1) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
2) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
3) Alkaline phosphate (ALP)

Question 22

What is alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?

Answer 22

An enzyme mainly found in the liver involved in amino acid catabolism

Question 23

What is aspartate aminotransferase(AST)?

Answer 23

An enzyme found in the liver and a few other places particularly the heart and skeletal muscles, also involved in amino acid catabolism.

Question 24

What is alkaline phosphate (ALP)

Answer 24

An enzyme related to the bile ducts; often increased when they are blocked or inflamed; when this occurs, the ALP can overflow or regurgitate like a backed up sewer and seep out of the liver and into the blood stream.

Question 25

Where are two other places ALP is found?

Answer 25

Bone and Placenta

Question 26

What is something else that can show an increased ALT and AST, other than liver failure?

Answer 26

Rapid muscle breakdown

Question 27

What is carbon Dioxide?

Answer 27

Carbon dioxide is a waste product from aerobic metabolism.

Question 28

What is included in the lipid screening of the CMP?

Answer 28

1) Total cholesterol 2) High density lipoprotein cholesterol 3) Low density lipoprotein cholesterol 4) Triglycerides 5) May also include non-HDL, VLDL or cholesterol/HDL ratio.

Question 29

What is one of the main reasons for a lipid screen?

Answer 29

Exam for risk of coronary artery disease

Question 30

Which part of the lipid screen is effected most by not fasting prior to lab draw?

Answer 30

Triglycerides

Question 31

Which is considered the good and bad lipoprotein?

Answer 31

LDL- Bad | HDL- Good

Question 32

What is the clinical significance of Hyperglycemia?

Answer 32

polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss

Question 33

What is the clinical significance of Hypoglycemia

Answer 33

Tremor, palpitations, anxiety, cognitive impairment, behavioral changes

Question 34

What is the clinical significance of Hypernatremia?

Answer 34

Lethargy, weakness, irritability, seizure

Question 35

What is the clinical significance of Hyponatremia?

Answer 35

Nausea, malaise, headache, lethargy, and seizures

Question 36

What is the clinical significance of Hyperkalemia?

Answer 36

Muscle weakness, cardiac conduction abnormalities, and cardiac arrhythmias

Question 37

What is the clinical significance of Hypokalemia?

Answer 37

Muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, cardiac arrhythmias

Question 38

What is the clinical significance of Hypercalcemia?

Answer 38

Nephrolithiasis, nausea, vomiting, bone pain, confusion

Question 39

What is the clinical significance of Hypocalcemia?

Answer 39

Muscle twitching, tetany, cardiac arrhythmias, papilledema

Question 40

What two labs can suggest kidney dysfunction or lack of filtration?

Answer 40

Elevated BUN and creatinine

Question 41

What is the main clinical sign of increased Bilirubin?

Answer 41

Jaundice

Question 42

What is the clinical significance of hypercapnia?

Answer 42

Normally triggers a reflex which increases breathing an acess to oxygen, can cause SIDS

Question 43

What are the risk factors for hyperlipidemia?

Answer 43

- Framingham 10-year risk of general cardiovascular disease in men - Looks at: 1) Age 2) Systolic BP 3) Total Cholesterol 4) HDL cholesterol 5) High Blood Pressure 6) Smoking 7) Diabetes

Question 44

What is the normal Cholesterol serum level?

Answer 44

<200 mg/dL

Question 45

What is the normal Triglyceride serum level?

Answer 45

<150 mg/dL

Question 46

What is the normal HDL cholesterol serum level?

Answer 46

>39 mg/DL

Question 47

What is the normal LDL cholesterol serum level?

Answer 47

<130 mg/dL

Question 48

List the component of a urinalysis?

Answer 48

1) pH 2) Specific gravity 3) Leukocytes 4) Nitrites 5) Protein 6) Bilirubin 7) Ketones 8) Blood 9) Glucose 10) Microscopic examination of the urine sediment

Question 49

What are the reference intervals or normal range commonly defined as?

Answer 49

The range of values into which 95% of non diseased individuals will fall, this definition implies that 5% of non diseased in 5% of non diseased individuals can have laboratory results outside the reference range.