Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 207 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical growth and aging is affected by a variety of _____ factors such as…

A
  • extrinsic

- nutrition, disease etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Universality:

A

identify patterns and relationships in the growth and aging of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an example of universality.

A
  • adolescent growth spurt
  • genetic factors
  • orderly, sequenced pattern (we know what to expect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Variability:

A
  • individual differences

- individuals can each have unique potential/their own timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When looking at physical growth and aging, it is important to know both _____ ____ and ____ of _____.

A
  • expected patter

- range of variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

As individuals grow and age (_____ constraints), the _____ between the 3 types of _____ must change = ______ movements.

A
  • individual
  • interactions
  • constraints
  • different movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If we want the same movement throughout the whole lifetime, we need to change ______ or _____ to accommodate the changing _____ constraints.

A
  • environment
  • task
  • physical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Example of varying constraints to have same movement throughout life:

A
  • dunking in basketball

- younger kids need lower nets to meet their jumping abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The goal of educators and healthcare providers is to make motor tasks _____ _____. It needs to be achievable by…

A
  • developmentally appropriate

- those at any age with any set of abilities or disabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Growth begins when…

A

an ovum (egg) and spermatozoon fuse in fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_____ control early prenatal development, very _____.

A
  • genes

- precise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Genes then determine the _____ aspects of development and the _____ _____ development.

A
  • normal

- inherited abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Growing embryo and fetus are very sensitive to ______ factors.

A

extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Environment in which the fetus is growing:

A

amniotic sac in uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nutrients delivered to the fetus via…

A

mother’s circulation and placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Even in the womb, _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____ interact in the fetus’ development.

A
  • individual genetic factors

- extrinsic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Detrimental extrinsic factors:

A
  • abnormal external pressure applied to the mom’s abdomen

- presence of certain viruses and drugs in the mom’s bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Extrinsic factors that affect the fetus’ growth:

A

delivery of all proper nutrients enhance growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 phases of prenatal growth:

A
  • embryonic growth (conception to 8 weeks)

- fetal growth (8 weeks to birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Embryonic development begins with….

A

the fusion of 2 sex cells (ovum, spermatozoon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In embryonic development, ______ direct continuous development of the embryo in _____, _____ pattern.

A
  • genes
  • precise
  • predictable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In embryonic development, # of cells increases =

A

cells differentiate to form specific tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Differentiation:

A

process where cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens at 4 weeks?

A
  • limbs are roughly formed

- heartbeat begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens at 8 weeks?

A
  • eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, toes formed

- human form has taken shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fetal development is characterized by….

A

further growth and cell differentiation of the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fetal development leads to…

A

functional capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In fetal development, continued growth of organs and tissues occurs in 2 ways:

A
  • hyperplasia (increase in absolute # of cells)

- hypertrophy (increase in the relative size of an individual cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In fetal development, growth tends to proceed in 2 directions:

A
  • cephalocaudal

- proximodistal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cephalocaudal:

A
  • Direction of growth beginning at the head and extending toward the lower body
  • Head and facial structures grow fastest, followed by upper body, then slow growing lower body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Proximodistal:

A
  • Direction of growth proceeding from the body toward the extremities
  • Trunk tends to advance, then the nearest parts of the limbs, then the distal parts of the limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In fetal development, rate of growth increasing at about ____ months and continuing at that rapid rate until ____.

A
  • 5 months

- birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Plasticity:

A
  • Modifiability or malleability
  • In regard to growth, it is the ability of tissues to subsume functions otherwise carried out by other tissues
  • Capacity to take on a new function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Example of plasticity:

A

if some of the cells in a system are injured, the remaining cells might be stimulated to perform the role that the damaged cells would ordinarily carry out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cells in ____ have high plasticity, meaning…

A
  • CNS

- structure, chemistry, function can be modified both prenatally and postnatally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The ______ system is the extrinsic factor that has the most influence on fetal development.

A

nourishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fetus is nourished by diffusion of…

A

oxygen and nutrients between fetal blood and maternal blood in the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What else is exchanged in the placenta?

A
  • CO2 and excretory byproducts

- carried away in the mother’s blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The growing fetus needs:

A
  • energy
  • nutrients
  • oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Limited resources for a growing fetus means…

A

compromised needs of fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

_____ health plays a role in prenatal development.

A

maternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A woman who…. is more likely to meet the needs of the fetus. These people are at lower risk for…

A
  • lives in better conditions
  • adequate, safe food supply, protective, clean environment
  • receives early prenatal health care
  • illness and infections that might result in low birth weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Women at ____ _____ ____ typically give birth to lighter infants.

A

lower socioeconomic levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Low birth weight infants are at greater risk of…

A
  • disease
  • infection
  • death
  • in the weeks after birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Some of the differences in birth weight among ethnic groups can be attributed to _____ _____.

A
  • parental height

- genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Abnormal prenatal development can come from either _____ or _____ factors.

A
  • genetic

- extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Genetic abnormalities are _____ and may be…

A
  • inherited

- immediately apparent or remain undetected until well into postnatal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Congenital defects:

A

abnormalities present at birth, regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Baby can inherit genetic abnormalities as _____ or ______ disorders.

A

dominant or recessive (including sex-linked)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Dominant disorders:

A

results when 1 parent passes on a defective gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Recessive disorders:

A

occur in children who inherit a defective gene from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Genetic abnormalities can also result from a ____ _____.

A

new mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How does a new mutation occur?

A
  • Alteration or deletion of a gene during formation of the egg or sperm cell
  • Irradiation, certain hazardous environmental chemicals may cause genetic mutations
  • Can occur spontaneously without a known cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the danger with advancing maternal age?

A

potential for genetic damage to sex cells increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Example of familiar genetic abnormality:

A

Down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Down syndrome:

A
  • trisomy 21
  • egg or sperm cell keeps both chromosome 21s
  • every cell in the resulting embryo’s body will have an extra chromosome 21
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Birth defects from Down syndrome:

A
  • mental retardation
  • distinctive facial features
  • visual and hearing impairments
  • heart defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

New mutations and inherited disorders can both result in:

A
  • single or multiple malformations of an organ, limb, or body region
  • deformations of a body part
  • disruptions in development resulting from the breakdown of normal tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Other characteristics of genetic abnormalities:

A
  • can affect one or more of the body systems
  • many obvious at birth, some don’t appear until much later
  • vary considerably in appearance and severity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Teratogens:

A

Any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Sometimes even _____ ______, _____, and _____ can be harmful if their levels are too high or too low.

A
  • necessary vitamins
  • nutrients
  • hormones
62
Q

Specific effect that a teratogen has on the fetus depends on…

A
  • when the fetus was exposed to the substance

- how much of it they were exposed to

63
Q

Exposure to a teratogen during a _____ ____ has a more significant effect.

A

critical period

64
Q

Example of teratogen exposed at a critical period:

A
  • rubella virus
  • harmful if the embryo is exposed to it during the first 4 weeks of pregnancy
  • the earlier the infection, the more serious the resulting abnormalities
  • very early exposure can result in miscarriage
65
Q

Some congenital defects result from the mere presence of a _______ ______ in the maternal blood.

A

harmful substance

66
Q

How does the size of the substance effect whether or not the fetus is exposed?

A
  • small virus particles present in maternal blood can cross the placenta
  • drugs with molecular weights under 1000 cross easily
  • drugs with molecular weights over 1000 do not cross easily
67
Q

In general, it is good to avoid substances that might be _____.

A

teratogenic

68
Q

Pregnant individuals should maintain a diet that…

A

supplies adequate but not excessive nutrients

69
Q

Mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result in…

A

FAS

70
Q

Birth defects from FAS:

A
  • mental retardation
  • heart defects
  • facial joint
  • limb deformities
  • slow growth
  • small brain size
  • short attention span
  • hyperactivity
71
Q

For FAS, it is unclear when…

A

a small amount of alcohol consumption becomes an amount that affects a fetus

72
Q

External factors affecting the fetus environment can also lead to:

A
  • malformation
  • retarded growth
  • life-threatening conditions
73
Q

Give examples of prenatal extrinsic factors:

A
  • External or internal pressure on the infant, including pressure from another fetus in utero
  • Extreme internal environmental temperature, as when the mother suffers from high fever or hypothermia
  • Exposure to X rays or gamma rays
  • Changes in atmospheric pressure, especially those leading to hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) in the fetus
  • Environmental pollutants
74
Q

The effect of prenatal extrinsic factors depends on the fetus’ …

A

stage of development

75
Q

Postnatal growth proceeds in a _____ and _____ pattern.

A
  • precise

- orderly

76
Q

In postnatal development, ____ _____ is increasingly obvious as individuals move through infancy, childhood, preadolescence, and adolescence.

A

individual variability (especially in the timing of landmark events)

77
Q

Growth curves for height and weight show:

A
  • rapid growth after birth
  • gradual but steady growth during childhood
  • rapid growth during early adolescence
  • level off
  • some variety
  • slope can vary
78
Q

What shape do growth curves for height and weight have?

A

S shaped (sigmoid curve)

79
Q

What type of curves are growth curves for height and weight?

A

distance curves

80
Q

A major factor in the timing and extent of growth is …

A

sex

81
Q

Sex differences in early childhood:

A
  • minimal

- boys are slightly taller and heavier

82
Q

Sex differences throughout childhood:

A
  • girls tend to mature faster than boys

- at any given age girls as a group are more biologically mature than boys

83
Q

On average, girls begin adolescent growth spurt at ___ years old.

A

~9 years old

84
Q

On average, boys begin adolescent growth spurt at ____ years old.

A

~11 years old

85
Q

Age at takeoff:

A

the age at which the rate of growth begins to increase

86
Q

In height, children tend to maintain their _____ ____ _____ in comparison with group norms after they are ____ years old.

A
  • relative percentile positions

- 2-3

87
Q

Large fluctuation of height after 2-3 years old could indicate…

A
  • some extrinsic factor is influencing growth

- need medical examination

88
Q

Plotting the rate of growth shows us…

A

the age at which one is growing the fastest = peak velocity

89
Q

Peak velocity:

A

age at which one changes from slow growth to rapid growth (age of takeoff) or v.v.

90
Q

On average, girls reach peak height velocity during the ______ ____ _____ at _____ years of age.

A
  • adolescent growth spurt

- 11.5-12

91
Q

In girls, growth in height tapers off at approximately age ___.

A

14

92
Q

In girls, notable increases in height ends around age ___.

A

16

93
Q

On average, boys reach peak heigh velocity at ____ years.

A

13.5-15

94
Q

Boys height velocity is somewhat ____ than girls.

A

faster

95
Q

Boys height changes approx ____ cm/year compared with ___ cm/year for girls.

A
  • 9

- 8

96
Q

Boys height growth tapers off at ___ years.

A

17

97
Q

Notable increases in height for boys ends by age ____.

A

18

98
Q

Males have about ___ more years of growth than females. This accounts to ____ cm of height.

A
  • 2

- 10-13

99
Q

Weight follows the _____ pattern.

A

sigmoid

100
Q

Weight is very susceptible to ______ factors.

A

extrinsic

101
Q

How is weight susceptible to extrinsic factors?

A
  • Variations in the amount of muscle with exercise
  • Variations in the amount of fat tissue with diet and exercise
  • Disease can also influence body weight
102
Q

Peak weight velocity during the adolescent growth spurt follows peak height velocity in adolescents by how much?

A
  • 2.5 to 5.0 months in boys

- 3.5 to 10.5 months in girls

103
Q

The growth of various segment lengths and breadths can reach peak velocity _____ the individual reaches peak height velocity, but all reach their peak _____ peak weight velocity

A
  • before of after

- before or at

104
Q

Commonly observed pattern with growth:

A
  • first growing up

- then filling out

105
Q

How do velocity curves look different from distance curves?

A
  • often have sections where the graphed line is decreasing

- have peaks

106
Q

What is indicated when a velocity curve shows the graphed line is decreasing?

A

rate of growth is slowing or decelerating

107
Q

What do peaks on velocity curves mean?

A
  • points at which the rate of growth changes from faster to slower
  • peak velocity in adolescence
108
Q

What can/can’t we tell with regards to someone’s height with a velocity curve?

A
  • can’t tell how tall someone is

- can tell the age at which they are growing the fastest

109
Q

First derivative of distance curve:

A

velocity curve

110
Q

Second derivative of distance curve:

A

acceleration

111
Q

Specific body parts, tissue, and organs have ______ _____ of growth.

A

differential rates

112
Q

Body proportions at birth reflect the ______ and ______ directions of prenatal growth.

A
  • cephalocaudal

- proximodistal

113
Q

How do newborns look different from adults?

A
  • Head accounts for ¼ of total height at birth, ⅛ of total height in adults
  • Legs: ⅜ for babies, ½ for adults
114
Q

For newborns to have adult proportions, what has to happen?

A
  • some body parts must grow faster than others during postnatal growth
  • undergo growth spurt early in adolescence
115
Q

Growth in height = increase in ____ length during…

A
  • trunk

- late adolescence and early adulthood

116
Q

Boy’s and girls proportions in childhood:

A

similar

117
Q

How are female adult bodies different from male?

A

shoulder and hip breadth increase at about the same rate = shoulder to hip ratio is fairly stable

118
Q

How are male adult bodies different from female?

A

substantial increase in shoulder breadth during their growth spurt = ratio changes as they move into adolescence = broader shoulders

119
Q

Give an example of body form affecting skill performance.

A

even if a 5 month old is neurologically ready to walk, they are too top heavy with their big heads and skinny legs = hard to balance for walking pattern

120
Q

Individual structural constraints are better understood because…

A
  • specific tissues and organs grow differentially

- postnatal growth of some tissues and systems follow unique patterns

121
Q

The brain achieves more than ___% of adult weight by the time the individual reaches age ___.

A
  • 80%

- age 4

122
Q

Physiological maturation:

A

developmental process leading to a state of full function

123
Q

As children and youths get older they tend to grow in size and to mature in what ways?

A
  • chronological age
  • growth in body size
  • physiological maturation
  • all these proceed with their own timing
124
Q

It is difficult to infer maturity from…

A
  • age alone
  • size alone
  • or age and size considered together
125
Q

Secondary sex characteristics:

A

Aspects of form or structure appropriate to males or females, often used to assess physiological maturity in adolescents

126
Q

Secondary sex characteristics appear at a younger age in…

A

girls and boys who are early maturers

127
Q

Secondary sex characteristics appear at a older age in …

A

those who are late maturers

128
Q

Why do girls secondary sex characteristics tend to appear sooner?

A
  • they mature faster

- enter adolescent spurt sooner

129
Q

Secondary sex characteristics in girls:

A
  • Menarche = first menstrual cycle (Average age: 12.5-13)
  • Breasts enlarge
  • Pubic hair appears
130
Q

SSC in boys:

A
  • Testes and scrotum grow in size
  • Pubic hair appears
  • No landmark, production of viable sperm is a gradual process
131
Q

Individuals who are more mature are likely to be ….

A

stronger and more coordinated than those who are less mature (even at the same age)

132
Q

Anthropometry:

A

science of the measurement of the human physical form

133
Q

BMI takes into account ____ and ____.

A
  • weight

- height

134
Q

Extrinsic factors that influence ____ _____ can especially have an effect on postnatal growth.

A

body metabolism

135
Q

Growth is particularly sensitive to alteration by environmental factors during…

A

periods of growth (such as just after birth and in early adolescence)

136
Q

Describe how early diet may have an effect on postnatal growth.

A

Generation R infants who were breastfed exclusively until 6 months of age had a lower risk of infection than those who were exclusively breastfed until 4 months and then partially after

137
Q

Catch up growth:

A

Relatively rapid physical growth of the body to recover some or all potential growth lost during period of negative extrinsic influence

138
Q

Catch up growth occurs when…

A

once the negative influence is removed

139
Q

What happens to body growth during periods of negative influence?

A

body growth is retarded

140
Q

Whether a child recovers completely from a negative influence depends on…

A
  • timing
  • duration
  • severity of condition
141
Q

Give an example of when catch up growth can occur.

A
  • after a period of severe malnutrition

- after a bout with a severe disorder such as chronic renal failure

142
Q

Growth ends for humans when?

A

in the late teens or early 20s

143
Q

How does the status and size of the body attained during growth years impact adulthood?

A
  • not necessarily maintained

- body size can change

144
Q

How can body size be changed in adulthood?

A
  • aging of tissues

- influence of extrinsic factors

145
Q

Example of extrinsic factor affecting body size in adulthood:

A

lack of weight bearing exercise and calcium in the diet could contribute to osteoporosis and a resulting decrease in height

146
Q

Describe height in adulthood.

A
  • aside from small changes, height remains stable
  • men and women grow slightly in height into their 20s
  • common for stature to decrease slightly over the adult years
147
Q

Why does stature often decrease over the adult years?

A
  • compression and flattening of the body’s connective tissues
  • especially cartilage pads between the vertebrae in the spinal column
  • compression of the spinal column and decrease in trunk length
148
Q

Why do bones lose density as we age?

A

result of progressive modifications in the protein matrix of the skeleton

149
Q

Bone density loss is more severe in people with _____.

A

osteoporosis

150
Q

Bone density loss can result in the collapse of ….

A

one or more vertebrae = loss of stature

151
Q

Adults typically start gaining excess fat weight when?

A

in their early 20s

152
Q

How is adult weight gain related to changes in lifestyles?

A
  • Youth adults who begin careers and families commonly take less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals
  • Adults who exercise regularly and eat wisely often maintain their weight or even gain muscle and lose fat
  • Older adults sometimes lose weight as a result of inactivity and loss of muscle tissue. Loss of appetite.

KIN 207 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions