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KIN 207 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

In order to understand cognitive development in infancy, we need to understand…

A

motor development

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2
Q

It is important to recognize typical development in order to be able to recognize …

A

deviance (progression or regression)

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3
Q

Most newborn infants exhibit _______ and ______ movements.

A
  • spontaneous

- reflexive

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4
Q

Toddler movements = _____, while Infancy,childhood movements =

A
  • motor milestones

- gross motor movements become more refined

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5
Q

In newborns, some movements seem ______ and without _____, and appear without any apparent ______.

A
  • undirected
  • purpose
  • stimulation
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6
Q

Often times, newborns move in a specific way every time they are ______ in a certain place.

A

touched

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7
Q

Infants are born with _____ that seem to slowly disappear as they age. They move with _____ actions that tie into _____ _____ and _____ ____ later on in life.

A
  • reflexes
  • discrete
  • motor milestones
  • intentional movement
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8
Q

Newborn movement classified into 2 general categories:

A
  • random/spontaneous movements

- infantile reflexes

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9
Q

Spontaneous movements

A
  • infants’ movements that occur without any apparent stimulation
  • seem very different from walking, reaching
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10
Q

Examples of spontaneous movements:

A
  • squirm
  • thrust legs or arms
  • stretch fingers and toes
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11
Q

Supine =

A

laying on back

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12
Q

Supine kicking:

A

spontaneously thrust their legs when in supine position

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13
Q

Supine kicking is associated with what motor milestone?

A

walking

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14
Q

Through analysis of position, timing, and muscular activity, they found that supine kicking is…

A
  • rhythmical
  • kicks have a coordinated pattern
  • ankle, knee, and hip joints move cooperatively, not independently
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15
Q

Supine kicking resembles _____ and _____ of an adult walking step.

A
  • positioning

- timing

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16
Q

How does supine kicking differ from walking?

A
  • infant’s timing is more variable from kick to kick
  • infants tend to move joints in unison rather than in sequence
  • cocontraction for infants while adults alternate
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17
Q

Cocontraction:

A

infants tend to activate both the muscles for flexing the limb (flexors) and the muscles for extending the limb (extensors)

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18
Q

In regards to supine kicking, by the end of the first year, infants..

A
  • begin to move hip, knee, ankle sequentially
  • both alternating and synchronous kicks after 6 months
  • developing more ways of coordinating 2 limbs
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19
Q

Newborn’s spontaneous arm movements show well-coordinated ______ of _____, _____, and _____ joints.

A
  • extension
  • elbow
  • wrist
  • finger
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20
Q

Spontaneous arm movements are not as _____ and ______ as leg kicks.

A
  • rhythmical

- repetitive

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21
Q

Early arm thrusts are not identical to adult reaching movements, as it takes infants several months to…

A

begin opening their fingers independently of the other joints in anticipation of grasping objects

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22
Q

Arm spontaneous movements appear to be influenced by _____ constraints.

A

environmental

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23
Q

Rhythmic flapping of arms, kicking of legs have been termed ______, because of …

A
  • stereotypes

- the underlying temporal structure of the movements

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24
Q

Other stereotypes of newborn movements:

A
  • head and face (eg. head banging)

- fingers (eg. flexing fingers)

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25
Q

Stereotypes suggest that newborns may be…

A
  • weak

- unable to produce intentional, precise, goal-directed movements

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26
Q

Unlike random movements, infantile reflexes are…

A
  • involuntary movements that an individual makes in response to a specific stimuli
  • sometimes these responses occur only when the body is in a specific position
  • stereotypical movement response to a specific stimulus
  • only seen during infancy
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27
Q

3 types of infantile reflex:

A
  • primitive reflexes
  • locomotor reflexes
  • postural reactions
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28
Q

Primitive reflex:

A

involuntary response to a specific stimulation that is often mediated by lower brain centres

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29
Q

Generally, newborns exhibit ____ reflexes at birth. These reflexes tend to lose their strength over time until they disappear around ____ months.

A
  • strong

- 4

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30
Q

Primitive reflexes vs. spontaneous movements:

A

Reflexes:
- Responses to specific external stimuli
- Specific, often localized
- Same stimulus will elicit a specific reflex over and over again
Spontaneous movements:
- Do not result from any apparent external stimuli
- Non specific, generalized

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31
Q

Primitive reflexes examples:

A
  • palmar grasp

- asymmetric tonic neck reflex

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32
Q

Postural reactions aka

A

gravity reflexes

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33
Q

Postural reactions help the infant _______ maintain posture in a changing ______.

A
  • automatically

- environment

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34
Q

Postural reactions generally appear after the infant is ___ months old.

A

2

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35
Q

By late in ____ year, these isolated postural reactions ____ ____ of their repertoire of movements.

A
  • first year or early in second year

- drop out

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36
Q

Locomotor reflex:

A
  • Appears similar and related to a voluntary movement
  • Appear much earlier than the corresponding voluntary behaviours
  • Typically disappear months before the infant attempts the voluntary locomotor skill
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37
Q

3 locomotor reflexes:

A
  • stepping
  • swimming
  • crawling
38
Q

Primitive reflexes start to weaken or become modified after about ___ weeks, when infants learn to _____ their reflexes and ____ the movement outcome.

A
  • 2
  • adapt
  • modify
39
Q

Those who work with infants sometimes use a ____ __ _____ _____ and _____ to assess an individual infant’s development.

A

pattern of reflex appearance and disappearance

40
Q

If the reflexes appear and disappear at an age close to the average, they consider the infant’s development _____.

A

typical

41
Q

Deviation from the typical pattern and typical execution may occur in 2 ways:

A
  • exhibiting a reflex when the individual should not

- not exhibiting a reflex when the individual should

42
Q

A reflex that persists well after the average age of disappearance may indicate…

A

a pathological cerebral condition

43
Q

Nonexistent or very weak response on one side of the body compared with the other could reflect…

A

a pathological condition

44
Q

Babinski test:

A
  • running a probe along the bottom of the foot
  • used to check for neurological problems in patients with head injuries
  • normal = toe flexion
45
Q

Positive sign in babinski test:

A
  • babinski reflex as seen in infancy has returned
  • patient most likely has injury to the CNS
  • toes pull upward instead of flexing
46
Q

Why do we have to be careful when attempting to assess the neurological status of an infant?

A
  • one infant may continue exhibiting reflexes without any pathological condition being involved
  • most infants are ahead or behind the average ages
  • difficult to establish exact time reflex disappears
  • reflexive responses are very sensitive to environmental conditions
47
Q

Several reflexes appear as soon as…

A

2-3 months in utero

48
Q

3 Roles of reflexes:

A
  • structural
  • functional
  • applied
49
Q

Structural role of reflexes:

A
  • Views reflexes as a byproduct of the human neurological system
  • Reflexes reflect the structure of the nervous system
  • The way humans are wired
  • Consider reflexes at birth, nothing past
50
Q

Functional role of reflexes:

A
  • Reflexes exist to help the infant survive (eat, breathe, grasp)
  • Fetus uses reflexes to position itself for birth, assist in the birthing process
51
Q

Applied role of reflexes:

A
  • Examine the role of reflexes in future volitional movements
  • Different ideas depending on the theoretical viewpoints of researchers
52
Q

What did McGraw (1943) believe?

A

Believed in motor interference theory: that infants could not move voluntarily until reflexes had been inhibited by the CNS

53
Q

What was Zelanzo’s (1972) experiment?

A
  • Experiment challenged the notion that reflexes and voluntary movements are not related
  • Elicited stepping reflex daily in a small number of infants during first 8 weeks
  • Result: Increased stepping reflex
  • Result: Earlier onset of voluntary walking
  • Concluded that involuntary walking reflex could be transformed into voluntary walking
54
Q

Zelando (1972) proposed that…

A
  • disappearance of reflex was due to disuse
  • The period of reflex inhibition before onset of voluntary skill is necessary
  • Systematic stimulation of a locomotor reflex could enhance infants’ acquisition of voluntary locomotion
55
Q

Thelen (1983-1991) questioned…

A

whether reflexes had to be inhibited before voluntary movement could occur

56
Q

Thelen proposed that…

A

Other constraints, rather than strictly maturation, may be related to the disappearance of the stepping reflex

57
Q

In Thelen’s research, she noticed that infants have a dramatic increase in ___ ____ (primarily from ____) during the first 2 months of life. What does this mean?

A
  • leg weight
  • fat
  • corresponding increase in muscle strength
  • May cause the stepping reflex to disappear because infant has insufficient strength to lift now heavier legs
  • Strength may be a rate limiter for stepping after 2 months or so of infancy
58
Q

What did Thelen do in her experiment?

A
  • ankle weights on infants to mimic weight gain resulted in reflex stepping decreasing
  • put older infants (no longer reflex stepping) in water (buoyant, mimics strengths) = steps with greater frequency, results similar to Zelazo
  • infants who did not reflexively step at 7 months did step when held over a treadmill
59
Q

Thelen concluded that…

A

several individual constraints (rather than simply maturation) play a strong role as rate limiters on movement patterns during infancy

60
Q

An infant does not suddenly acquire a complex skill, they must…

A
  • Must learn to coordinate and control the interacting parts of their body
  • Needs to attain certain fundamental skills that lead to skilled performance
61
Q

Motor milestone:

A
  • A fundamental motor skill
  • Attainment which is associated with the acquisition of later voluntary movements
  • landmark or turning point in motor development
62
Q

Order in which an infant attains motor milestones is ______ _____, although ____ differs among individuals.

A
  • relatively consistent

- timing

63
Q

Bayley and Shirley claimed _____ pattern of skill acquisition can be related to _____ ____ in _____ constraints that occur typically in developing infants.

A
  • progressive
  • predictable changes
  • individual
64
Q

Bayley and Shirley’s progressive pattern of skill acquisition:

A
  • maturation of CNS
  • development of muscular strength and endurance
  • development of posture and balance
  • improvement of sensory processing
65
Q

WHO: MGRS:

A
  • multicentre growth reference study group (MGRS)
  • secular trend of milestones does not exist
  • Infants are currently attaining motor milestones at about the same age as infants did more than 80 years ago
  • Observation techniques used by Bayley and Shirley were valid and reliable
66
Q

_____ defined parental handling practices can alter the rate at which an infant attains motor milestones.

A

culturally

67
Q

First child syndrome:

A
  • cultural phenomenon in US
  • moms hold their babies for long periods and avoid putting the infants on their stomachs for a long time
  • results in delayed onset of certain motor milestones such as crawling
68
Q

Carbetta and Bojczyk showed that…… can act as a rate limiters for other skills.

A

attainment of milestones themselves

69
Q

Carbetta and Bojczyk studied:

A
  • Hand preferences
  • Once certain motor milestones were achieved, infants changed their hand preference and even reverted back to earlier forms of reaching (2 hands after walking)
  • likely for balance = rate limiter
70
Q

Although ______ exists in the acquisition of milestones, _____ ____ in several milestones may indicate a _____ _____.

A
  • variability
  • substantial delay
  • developmental problem
71
Q

How can Down syndrome be detected with delay of milestones?

A
  • hypertonia = lack of muscle tone = delayed acquisition of milestones (lots of milestones require strength = rate limiter)
  • floppy
  • often improves in later development
72
Q

Delays in milestones lead to delays in ….

A

the attainment of fundamental motor skills (ex. walking, ADLs, eating)

73
Q

Infant mobility is important to early development, meaning any condition that _____ or _____ infant mobility may negatively affect _____ development.

A
  • delays
  • impedes
  • cognitive
74
Q

Motor development and early movement influence both ____ and _____ development.

A
  • social

- cognitive

75
Q

Some movements help create ____ pathways to the brain. This is critical in the first ___ years of life.

A
  • neural

- 3

76
Q

Part of learning is discovering ____-_____ relationships in surroundings.

A

cause-effect

77
Q

Independent locomotion provides infants and toddlers with…

A
  • a way to control and explore their environment

- socially interact

78
Q

Many of the motor milestones of the first year of life involve the attainment of certain _____.

A

postures

79
Q

Once infants can maintain a certain posture, they are ______.

A

balancing

80
Q

Moving room technique:

A
  • Seeing responses of babies in the middle of a room when the walls were moving
  • EMG
  • Visual information and the kinesthetic information were in conflict
  • Reacted to the visual information rather than the kinesthetic information
  • Responded as if their bodies were swaying and activated muscle to regain their starting posture
81
Q

What did Bertenthal, Rose, and Bai do?

A
  • observed variety of babies in moving room at 2 different speeds
82
Q

What was found in the moving room experiment?

A
  • visual info more than kinesthetic info
  • action linked to movement speed
  • responses improved with experience
  • standing infants sway or fall while adults can keep their balance
  • newly standing children take longer than adults to use postural muscles and attain stability
83
Q

… is not the rate-controlling factor in infant posture and balance.

A

visual perception of self motion

84
Q

Rate controlling factor for posture control may be coupling of the _____ _____ with the appropriate _____ _____.

A
  • sensory information

- appropriate response

85
Q

Once refined, _____ -______ couplings provide very sensitive and rapid adjustments to the _____.

A
  • perception-action

- environment

86
Q

Infants move = _____ change = infant must regulate and refine their movements based on…

A
  • environments

- continuous sensory information

87
Q

As systems develop and change, the _____ coupling must change as well to recalibrate to the _____.

A
  • sensorimotor

- environment

88
Q

Barela, Jeka, and Clark studied touch control in infants as they reached 4 stages:

A
  • pulling to stand
  • standing alone
  • beginning to walk
  • reaching 1.5 months of walking experience
89
Q

In Barela, Jeka, Clark study, in the first 3 stages the infants responded to body sway by…

A

applying force to the surface

90
Q

In Barela, Jeka, Clark study: after infants gained walking experience, they used _____ ____ to control posture rather than simply react to ____.

A
  • touch information

- sway

91
Q

_______ info plays a important role in posture and balance.

A

somatosensory

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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