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KIN 207 > Chapter 16 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Strength:

A

the ability to exert force

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2
Q

Strength enhances performance of ____ and ____ skills, as well as ____ _____ activities.

A
  • sport
  • dance
  • daily living
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3
Q

Force is exerted against _____.

A

resistance

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4
Q

_____ or ____ strength if limbs move.

A
  • isotonic

- isokinetic

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5
Q

______ if exerted against immovable resistance.

A

isometric

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6
Q

When assessing strength, we must specify…

A
  • muscle group
  • movement
  • speed of movement
  • joint angle
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7
Q

Common isotonic tests use….

A

1RM

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8
Q

Common isometric tests use…

A
  • dynamometer

- cable tensiometer

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9
Q

Functional strength tests include:

A
  • chin-ups
  • flexed-arm hang
  • rope climbing
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10
Q

Muscle mass growth follows _____ pattern.

A

sigmoid

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11
Q

Force a muscle can exert depends in part on…

A

its cross-sectional area

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12
Q

_____ factors are also involved in muscle mass and strength.

A

neurological

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13
Q

Strength does not always change in parallel with ____ _____.

A

muscle size

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14
Q

Strength _____ as children grow.

A

increases

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15
Q

Boys and girls are similar in strength levels until …

A

age 13

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16
Q

Peak strength increases follow…

A

peak muscle increases

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17
Q

Among same-size children of different ages, more _____ children are stronger.

A

mature

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18
Q

_____ factors likely exert influence on developmental changes in strength (including…)

A
  • neural

- improved motor unit activation with maturation

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19
Q

Strength _____ ____ as children grow.

A

increases steadily

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20
Q

Rate of change (velocity) of isometric strength is similar before ______.

A

puberty

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21
Q

Males add more muscle mass in ______.

A

adolescence

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22
Q

Males are generally stronger, especially in the _____ and _____.

A
  • arms

- shoulders

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23
Q

_____ does not account for all gender differences (strength).

A

size

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24
Q

Strength: cultural norms can affect….

A
  • motivation

- habitual activity levels

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25
Q

After growth ceases, increases in muscle mass are associated with….

A

resistance training

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26
Q

Strength generally declines gradually after the ____s.

A

30s

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27
Q

Muscle mass declines in the average _____ ____.

A

older adult

28
Q

Loss of ____ may be greater than loss of ____ ____ (possibly due to changes in….)

A
  • strength
  • muscle mass
  • fibre types
  • nervous system
  • vascular system
29
Q

_____ ____ factors might be involved in declining strength.

A

muscular coordination

30
Q

Some older adults do not lose strength: greatly affected by ______ and ____ _____.

A
  • exercise

- activity levels

31
Q

Prepubescents can increase strength with _____.

A

training

32
Q

Improved ______ _____ plays a role in strength training.

A

neuromuscular coordination

33
Q

Adolescents and adults can increase strength and muscle mass with appropriate _____ training.

A

resistance

34
Q

_____ ____ can be increased with training over time.

A

muscle mass

35
Q

Those with ______ _____ should be monitored for strength training.

A

cardiovascular disease

36
Q

_____ is a period of steady increase in strength.

A

childhood

37
Q

______ ____ continue a steady increase in development of strength.

A

adolescent girls

38
Q

_____ ____ experience a spurt of growth in strength.

A

adolescent boys

39
Q

Strength levels are stable in _____ _____.

A

young adulthood

40
Q

Strength declines in _____ _____, _____ at first.

A
  • older adulthood

- gradually

41
Q

_____ can improve strength throughout the life span.

A

training

42
Q

Strength is related to _____ ____ and _____ factors.

A
  • muscle mass

- neurological

43
Q

Flexibility:

A

the ability to move joints through full ROM

44
Q

Flexibility can benefit ____ and ____ performance.

A
  • sport

- dance

45
Q

_____ _____ can be a factor in injury.

A

limited flexibility

46
Q

Flexibility is specific to ____ ____.

A

each joint

47
Q

Because flexibility is _____ specific, it must be ______ for each joint assessed.

A
  • joint

- measured

48
Q

In assessment of flexibility, a _____ is often used.

A

goniometer

49
Q

How to use goniometer:

A
  • axis is placed over joint centre

- instrument arm is aligned with limb at extremes of movement range

50
Q

____ test is a common measure for assessing flexibility but has its disadvantages.

A

sit-and-reach

51
Q

Infants and toddlers are ____ flexible.

A

very

52
Q

Studies show that declines in flexibility start in _____.

A

childhood

53
Q

Flexible people can _____ or _____ levels.

A
  • maintain

- improve

54
Q

____ as a group are more flexible than ____.

A
  • girls

- boys

55
Q

Why are girls more flexible than boys?

A
  • flexibility exercises are socially acceptable for girls

- girls participate in activities stressing flexibility

56
Q

In adolescence, flexibility is _____; some people…

A
  • variable

- lose a significant degree

57
Q

Adults generally ___ flexibility, especially in ____ ____ ____ and after age ____.

A
  • lose
  • little-used joints
  • 50
58
Q

Adults who maintain _____ for flexibility maintain their levels.

A

training

59
Q

Training can ____ ROM in those with full range.

A

maintain

60
Q

Training can _____ ROM in those with limited range.

A

improve

61
Q

ROM probably reflects ____ and ______ more than _____.

A
  • activity
  • training
  • age
62
Q

Flexibility declines over the life span with ____ ___ (_____).

A
  • limited use

- exercise

63
Q

Flexibility training can restore ____ ____.

A

lost mobility

64
Q

_____ can affect people of any age, but treatment must be ____ _____.

A
  • arthritis

- age appropriate

65
Q

Muscle _____ and _____ are related to each other.

A
  • strength

- flexibility

66
Q

Training programs can improve muscle _____ and _____ across the lifespan.

A
  • strength

- flexibility

67
Q

Reasonable levels of muscle strength and flexibility are important for _____.

A

everyone (not just athletes)

KIN 207 (27 decks)

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