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Inflammation > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

How many people living with hiv

A

37m

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2
Q

HIV closely related to

A

SIV

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3
Q

Efffect of SIV on chimps

A

No harm

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4
Q

Humans got HIV from animals how

A

Bushmeat

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5
Q

HIV is a

A

Retrovirus

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6
Q

3 parts of a retro virus

A

Gag: group specific antigen
viral core proteins: MA (matrix), CA (capsid), NC (nucleocapsid)

Pol: polymerase
enzymes: PR (protease), RT (reverse transcriptase), IN (integrase)
Env: envelope glycoprotein
SU (surface), TM (transmembrane)

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7
Q

Retrovirus is

A

Virus using reverse transcription

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8
Q

Process of retrovirus

A

Reverse transcrip7on: copying of an RNA template (the viral
genome) into a double-stranded DNA copy.

2.  Integration on: covalent insertion of viral cDNA into the genome of the
infected cell, to form the provirus.

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9
Q

HIV1 is tropic for

A

CD4 expressing cells: helper T cells and macrophages

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10
Q

Modes of HIV sequence diversification

A

Copying error(drift)
Recombination(shift)
Drift plus shift

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11
Q

Diversification results in

A

Immune escape drug resistance and phenotypic changes

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12
Q

Different subtypes of related viruses are called

A

Clads

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13
Q

Regulatory/ accessory protein

A

•  Tat – potent ac7vator of viral transcrip7on
Rev – mediates unspliced RNA nuclear export
• Vif – cri7cal regulator of virus infec7vity
Nef – immune modulator, T-cell ac7va7on, virus infec7vity
• Vpu – immune modulator, virus release
• Vpr – cell cycle, virus nuclear import, resistance modulator

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14
Q

HIV resistance factors internally

A

Tetherin inhibits release of virus on cell surface

APOBEC3 catalysts C to U mutagenesis and inhibits RT

SAMHD1 suppresses RT in myeloid cells by hydrolysing dNTPS

SERINC interferes with viral entry

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15
Q

Inexorable fall of CD4 cells causes

A

AIDS

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16
Q

Risk of acquisition by exposure to HIV

A

Sexual transmission 0.5% (increased by other STDs)

IV drug use (0.67% per needle)

Blood transfusion (90%)

Mother to child: breast milk or at birth (25%)

17
Q

Main target for acute HIV1 infection

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

18
Q

Normal progresser ?

A

Most people progress to AIDS in 8-10 years

19
Q

Rapid progressor

A

1-3 years progress to aids

20
Q

Long term nonprogressors

A

Maintain low level of detectable viral RNA in blood

AIDS free indefinitely

21
Q

Elite controller

A

<50 copies of viral RMA

AIDS free indefinitely

22
Q

Acute in controlled by

A

Strong 8+ T cell

Neutralising antibodies arise later

23
Q

T cell responses: solutions + problems

A

Initial viremia controlled by CD8 cytotoxic T cells, but not cleared

HIV1 mutates and escapes adaptive immunity

Continued T cell activation lead to inflammation

Inflammation leads to immune dysfunction and pathology

24
Q

Diagnosis of HIV

A

ELIZA test for anti-p24

Only detects those who are seroconverted (3 months)

25
Q

Best diagnosis

A

RFPCR

26
Q

Aids cancers and opportunistic infections

A

Kaposis sarcoma human herpes virus 8

Fungal pneumonia

Toxoplasmosis

Reactivation of oral herpes simplex virus 1/2

Cytomegalovirus induced retinitis

Tuberculosis

27
Q

Types of virus specific inhibitors

A

Entry
Reverse transcriptase
Intergrase
Protease

28
Q

Entry inhibitors + example

Fusion inhibitors

A

Works with host cell to stop entry, however virus can evolve and come in through a different protein

Prevents a confirmational change/rearrangement

29
Q

Reverse transcriptase

nRTI

NNRTI

A

Integration is stopped before whole protein can be formed

NNRTI is a non competitive inhibitor that stops initiation

30
Q

Intergrase stops?

A

Intergration in the nucleus

31
Q

Protease does what

A

Virus produced but cleaveage stopped

32
Q

HAART IS

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

33
Q

Is HAART a cure

A

No if you stop taking it you will relapse

34
Q

How many drugs prescribed in HAART

A

3

35
Q

Barrier to curing HIV

A

Latent viral reservoirs

36
Q

Bone marrow to cure HIV

A

Dangerous and impractical for patients that can live on HAART

37
Q

HUV prevention

A

Effective condom use
Male circumcision

Pre exposure prophylaxis
Topical micro ideas

Inflammation (34 decks)

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