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Physio 202 Lecture > Lecture 9 Unit 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 fluids are the cells of the body serviced by?

A

-blood

and interstitial fluid

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2
Q

how do nutrients and oxygen diffuse?

A

from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells

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3
Q

how do wastes move?

A

in the reverse direction

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4
Q

what is hematology?

A

the study of blood and blood disorders

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5
Q

what 2 things is blood composed of?

A

plasma and formed elements

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6
Q

what is plasma?

A

a clear straw colored watery liquid that consists of 91.5% of water and 8.5% solutes

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7
Q

what are formed elements?

A

cells and cell fragments

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8
Q

where are the plasma proteins in the blood plasma made?

A

the liver

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9
Q

where are plasma proteins confined to?

A

bloodstream

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10
Q

what is in plasma?

A

albumins globulins and fibrinogen

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11
Q

what do albumins do?

A

maintain blood osmotic pressure

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12
Q

what is in globulins?

A
  • antibodies which bind to foreign substances called antigens
  • form antigen antibody complexes
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13
Q

what does fibrinogen do?

A

clotting purposes and contains blood serum

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14
Q

what is blood serum?

A

plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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15
Q

what is another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes or RBCs

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16
Q

what is another name for white blood cells?

A

leukocytes or WBCs

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17
Q

what are the two types of white blood cells?

A
  • granular leukocytes

- agranular leukocytes

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18
Q

what are the types of granular leukocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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19
Q

what are the types of granular leukocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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20
Q

what are lymphocytes composed of?

A

T cells, B cells and natural killer cells

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21
Q

what are the three elements of blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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22
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A

a hormone which stimulates production of erythrocytes

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23
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

production of erythrocytes

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24
Q

What do platelets contain?

A

thrombocytes

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25
Q

what is the major function of platelets?

A

blood clotting

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26
Q

describe the shape of platelets.

A

irregular cell fragments with a diameter of about 2-4 micrometers

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27
Q

how many platelets are there per microliter of blood?

A

150,000-400,000

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28
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

the percentage of blood occupied by RBCs

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29
Q

what is the normal hematocrit for females?

A

38-46%

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30
Q

what is the normal hematocrit for males?

A

40-54%

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31
Q

why is hematocrit higher in males?

A

testosterone produces more EPO synthesis

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32
Q

what is anemia

A

not enough RBCs or hemoglobin for proper O2 transport

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33
Q

what is polycythemia?

A
  • having an excess of RBCs (over 65%)

- dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes.

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34
Q

what are erythrocytes shaped like and why?

A

biconcave discs because it increases the surface area available for oxygen binding

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35
Q

do erythrocytes have a nucleus?

A

no

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36
Q

how are erythrocytes arranged in large blood vessels?

A

they are stacked

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37
Q

where are erythrocytes shaped like parachutes?

A

small arterioles and venules

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38
Q

where are erythrocytes shaped like bullets

A

capillaries

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39
Q

what are erythrocytes filled with?

A

hemoglobin

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40
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

a protein that carries oxygen

41
Q

what is hemoglobin composed of?

A
  • 4 large protein chains (2 alpha 2 beta)

- a heme group

42
Q

what is a heme group in hemoglobin?

A

a porphyrin ring that surrounds a single iron molecule

43
Q

how can oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry?

A

4 O2 molecules

44
Q

what is oxygen bound by?

A

hemoglobin

45
Q

what does hemoglobin also transport besides oxygen?

A

23% of CO2 produced in tissue cells

46
Q

O2 binds with heme in hemoglobin, what does CO2 bind with?

A

the globing portion

47
Q

what is the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood of men? women?

A

men- 16 g/dL

women- 14 g/dL

48
Q

what levels diagnose anemia?

A

hematocrit and hemoglobin levels

49
Q

where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow

50
Q

what are RBCs formed from?

A

a lineage of precursor stem cells

51
Q

what do precursor myeloid stem cells differentiate into?

A

proerythroblasts

52
Q

what do proerythroblasts turn into?

A

erythroblast then reticulocytes

53
Q

how is a mature erythrocyte formed?

A

a reticulocyte reaches maturity, hemoglobin is produces and the nucleus is rejected

54
Q

what do hemopoietic growth factors do?

A

regulate differentiation and proliferation of blood cells

55
Q

what does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

stimulates eryhtropoiesis and increases RBC precursors

56
Q

what produces erythropoietin?

A

the kidneys

57
Q

what does thrombopoietin do and where is is produced from?

A

hormone produced from liver and it stimulates platelet formation

58
Q

what are cytokines

A

local hormones of bone marrow

59
Q

what are cytokines produced by and what do they do?

A

produced by some marrow cells to stimulate proliferation in other marrow cells

60
Q

what do colony stimulation factors (CSFs) and interleukins in cytokines stimulate?

A

WBC production

61
Q

what are some hemopoietic growth factors?

A

cytokines, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin

62
Q

what is recombinant EPO effective in?

A

treating decreased RBC production of end stage kidney disease

63
Q

what is thrombopoietin (TPO) used for?

A

to prevent platelet depletion during chemothrapy

64
Q

how long do RBCs live for?

A

120 days

65
Q

why do RBCs only live for so long?

A

they were out from bending to fit through capillaries and there’s no repair possible due to all of nucleus

66
Q

what are RBCs removed by and where?

A

removed by fixed microphages in the spleen and liver

67
Q

what happens to the breakdown products of RBCs?

A

they are recycled

68
Q

what happens to the globin portion of RBCs when they are broken down?

A

it is broken down into amino acids and recycled

69
Q

what happens to the heme portion of RBCs when they are broken down?

A

split into iron (Fe3+) and biliverdin (green pigment)

70
Q

what does the Iron do after being recycled from RBCs?

A
  • transported in blood attached to transferring protein
  • stored in liver, muscle, or spleen (attached to ferritin or hemosiderin protein)
  • transported to bone marrow fro use in hemoglobin synthesis
71
Q

how is biliverdin (green) converted to bilirubin (yellow)?

A
  • bilirubin is secreted by the liver as a part of bile, and bile is secreted into the intestine for use in digestion
  • bile breakdown products are excreted via kidneys and intestine
72
Q

All WBCs have a nucleus but no what?

A

hemoglobin

73
Q

what are granulocytes in WBCs?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

74
Q

what are agranulocytes in WBCs?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

75
Q

what is the ratio of WBCs to RBCs?

A

1 WBC for every 700 RBC

76
Q

what condition is a high white blood cell count?

A

leukocytosis

77
Q

what condition is a low white blood cell count?

A

leukopenia

78
Q

what causes leukocytosis?

A

microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or surgery

79
Q

what causes leukopenia?

A

radiation, shock or chemotherapy

80
Q

how much of the total WBC population is circulating in the blood at any given time?

A

2%

81
Q

If WBCs are not in circulation where are they?

A

lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes and spleen

82
Q

Where do WBCs travel?

A

roll along endothelium stick to it and squeeze between cells

83
Q

what do selectins do?

A

they are adhesion molecules that help WBCs stick to endothelium

84
Q

where do WBCs appear?

A

near the site of injury

85
Q

where are integrins found and what do they do?.

A

found of neutrophils and assist in movement through wall

86
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

“cell eating” of bacteria

87
Q

what is phagocytosis performed by?

A

monocytes

88
Q

what does the process of phagocytosis involve?

A

chemotaxis, adherence and ingestion and destrcution

89
Q

do eosinophils or monophils have weaker phagocytic activity?

A

eosinophils

90
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

attraction of phagocytic cells to the site of infection

91
Q

what happens in chemotaxis?

A

chemicals released by the pathogen and/ or the infected cell attract the phagocytes

92
Q

what is adherence?

A

the attachment of the phagocyte to the pathogens membrane

93
Q

what is ingestion facilitated by?

A

enveloping pseudopodia resulting in a phagosome

94
Q

when is destruction initiated?

A

when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome resulting in a phagolysosome

95
Q

what do lysozymes do?

A

destroy the membrane and internal structures of the pathogen

96
Q

how are residual fragments of the dead pathogen removed?

A

exocytosis

97
Q

how does a bone marrow transplant happen?

A
  • destroy sick bone marrow with radiation and chemothreapy
  • put sample of donor marrow into patients vein for reseeding of bone marrow
  • success depends of histocompatibility of donor and recipient
98
Q

what are bone marrow transplants used to treat?

A

leukemia, sickle-cell, breast, ovarian or testicular cancer, lymphoma or aplastic anemia

Physio 202 Lecture (38 decks)

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