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Physio 202 Lecture > Lecture 27 Unit 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 27 Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

3 m in total length (10 feet)

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2
Q

what is the diameter of the small intestine

A

2.5 cm (1 inch)

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3
Q

what happens in the small intestin

A

most digestion and absorption

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4
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine

A

-duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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5
Q

how long is the dudoenum

A

25 cm/ 10 inches

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6
Q

how long is the jejunum

A

1 m/ 3 feet

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7
Q

how long is the ileum

A

2 m/ 6 feet

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8
Q

why does the total length of the small intestine increase to 6.5 m in cadavers

A

loos of smooth muscle tone

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9
Q

what do villi and microvilli do

A

increase surface area for absorption

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10
Q

what do brush border enzymes do

A

participate in chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleosides

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11
Q

where is pancreatic juice found and what does it contain

A

found in the lumen with chime and contains amylase, proteases, lipase, and nucleases

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12
Q

how much pancreatic juice is produced per day

A

~2 liters

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13
Q

what is the ph of pancreatic juice

A

7.1-8.2

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14
Q

what is in pancreatic juice

A

water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes

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15
Q

what are the ezymes secreted by the pancreas

A
  • pancreatic amylase
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • carboxypeptidase
  • elastase
  • pancreatic lipase
  • ribonuclease
  • deoxyribonuclease
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16
Q

what are the proteases secreted by the pancreas

A
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • carboxypeptidase
  • elastase
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17
Q

what are the nucleases secreted by the pancreas

A
  • ribonuclease

- deoxyribonuclease

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18
Q

what does enteropeptidase do

A

activates trypsinogen to trypsin

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19
Q

what does trypsin activate

A

chymotrypsin, procarboxypeptidase, and proelasease

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20
Q

what digests carbohydrates in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small instestine

A

mouth-salivary amylase
stomach-only mechanical digestion
pancreas- pancreatic amylase in pancreatic juide
small intestine-maltase, sucrase, lactase

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21
Q

what is lactose intolerance

A

those without lactase will have bacteria ferment lactose and the result will be gas and diarrhea

22
Q

what are the steps in absorption of monosaccharides

A
  1. absorption into epithelial cells

2. movement out of epithelial cell into bloodstream

23
Q

what is absorbed from monosaccharides into epithelial cells

A

glucose and galactose by sodium symporter and fructose by facilitated diffusion

24
Q

how do monosaccharides move out of epithelial cells into bloodstream

A

facilitated diffusion

25
Q

what digests proteins in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine

A

mouth- mechanical digestion only
stomach- HCl denatures proteins and pepsin breaks proteins into smaller polypeptides
pancreas-pancreatic enzymes in pancreatic juice continue to split peptide bonds between amino acids
small intestine- amino peptidase and dipeptidase

26
Q

what does aminopeptidase do in the digestion of proteins

A

splits off amino acids at the amino end of polypeptides

27
Q

what does the dipeptidase do in digestion of proteins

A

split apart two amino acid chains

28
Q

what are the steps in absorbing amino acids and dipeptides

A
  1. absorption into epithelial cells of duodenum and jejunum

2. movement out of epithelial cell into blood

29
Q

how are amino acids and dipeptides absorbed into epithelial cells of small intestine

A

active transport with Na+ or H+ ions (symporters using secondary active transport)

30
Q

how do amino acids and dipeptides move out of epithelial cells

A

facilitated diffusion

31
Q

where do digestion of lipids begin

A

the mouth

32
Q

what digests lipids in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small intestine

A 
mouth-lingual lipase
-stomach-gastric lipase
pancreas-pancreatic lipase in pancreatic juice continues to split triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
liver- bile
small intestine-none
33
Q

what are the steps in the absorption of lipids

A
  1. short chain fatty acids are absorbed by simple diffusion
  2. long chain fatty acids and monoglycerdies are sequestered within tiny micelles after emulsification by bile, also enter cells by simple diffusion, leaving bile salts behind
  3. inside epithelial cells fats are rebuilt and coated with protein to form chylomicrons
  4. chylomicrons leave intestinal cells by exocytosis into interstitial fluid where they can only enter lacteals
34
Q

what are bile salts reabsorbed and recycled by

A

the liver

35
Q

how are certain fat soluble vitamins able to enter cells

A

vitamins A, K, D3, and E cane enter with lipids

36
Q

how to chylomicrons travel and how are they removed?

A

travel in lymphatic system to reach subclavian veins and are removed from blood by liver and fat tissue

37
Q

what is the bodys source of electrolytes

A

GI secretions, ingested foods and liquids

38
Q

how do electrolytes enter epithelial cells

A

by diffusion and secondary active transport

39
Q

what ions use active transport to move

A

sodium, potassium ,iron, magneium, and phosphate

40
Q

how do chloride iodide and nitrate ions move

A

passive tranport

41
Q

what does intestine Ca2+ absorption require

A

vitamin D and parathyroid hormone

42
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, K, D3 and E

43
Q

how do fat soluble vitamins travel and what are they absorbed by

A

travel in micelles and are absorbed by simple diffusion with lipids

44
Q

how are water soluble vitamins absorbed

A

by diffusion

45
Q

what must vitamin B12 do before being transported into cells of ileum

A

combine with intrinsic factor from the stomach parietal cells

46
Q

what is vitamin B12 absorbed by

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

47
Q

how much fluid enters GI tract per day

A

9 L

48
Q

how much water does small intestine absorb a day

A

8 L

49
Q

how much water does large intestine absorb of the last liter

A

90%

50
Q

how is water absorption accomplished

A

by osmosis through cell membranes into cells and then from the cells into the capillaries inside the intestinal villi

51
Q

how much is excreted through feces

A

0.1 L

Physio 202 Lecture (38 decks)

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