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Physio 202 Lecture > Lecture 18 and 19 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 and 19 Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are immune responses

A

altered cellular reactions following contact with a component of a specific foreign organism/product or antigen

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2
Q

how is adaptive immunity distinguished from innate immunity

A
  1. specificity for particular foreign molecules and tolerance for self proteins
  2. memory of perviously encountered foreign antigens so that the second exposure prompts a more rapid and vigorous response
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3
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immunity

A
  1. cell-mediated immunity

2. antibody mediated immunity

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4
Q

what does cell mediated immunity depend on

A

T cell receptors (TCRs) that are expressed on the surface of T cells

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5
Q

what does cell mediated immunity do after recognizing foreign antigen presented by MHC I proteins?

A

defends the body against specific pathogens that live/exist inside of our cells by recognizing only foreign antigen presented by MHC I proteins

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6
Q

what does cell mediated immunity do by not recognizing self-antigen presented by MHC I proteins?

A

is becomes tolerant of our own proteins

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7
Q

what does antibody mediated immunity depend on

A

T cell receptors that are expressed on the surface of T cells in addition to other proteins used by B cells

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8
Q

by recognizing foreign antigen that is processed then presented by MHC II proteins what does antibody mediated immunity do?

A

defends the body against specific pathogens that live/ exist outside of our cells

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9
Q

by not recognizing self-antigen presented by MHC II proteins, what does antibody mediated immunity do?

A

become tolerant of our own proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides

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10
Q

what are the two properties of antigens

A
  1. immunogenicity

2. reactivity

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11
Q

what is immunogenicity

A

antigens stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies

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12
Q

what is reactivity

A

antigens react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies developed/released in response to them

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13
Q

what do complete antigens exhibit

A

both properties and include foreign proteins, nucleic acids, some lipids, and large polysaccharides

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14
Q

what are immune responses generated against

A

parts of antigens called epitopes

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15
Q

after leaving the thymus what does tight binding mean?

A

recognition of a foreign antigen

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16
Q

what are the 5 steps in which cell mediated immune response occurs

A
  1. antigen presentation
  2. antigen recognition
  3. activation
  4. proliferation and differentiation
  5. action (destrcution of infected cell)
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17
Q

what are the major roles in antigen presentation?

A
  • to engulf antigens

- to present fragments of the antigen on their surface so that it will be recognized by T cells

18
Q

what are major Antigen presented Cells (APCs)?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and activated B cells

19
Q

what are the major initiators of adaptive immunity

A

dendritic cells

20
Q

what do dendritic cells do

A

migrate to lymph nodes and secondary lymphoid organs where they present antigens to T cells

21
Q

what are the major “parts” in antigen recognition

A

cluster designation markers (CD4 and CD8)

22
Q

what do helper T cells do in antigen recognition

A

express CD4 and they bind only to MHC II molecules

23
Q

What happens in activation

A

depending upon receptor type, costimulators can cause T cells to complete their activation or abort activation after binding to an antigen

24
Q

what happens to T cells without costimulation

A
  • become tolerant to that antigen
  • are unable to divide
  • do not secrete cytokines
25
Q

what happens to T cells with costimulation

A
  • enlarge proliferate and form clones

- differentiate and perform function according to their specific T cell class

26
Q

what do cytokines do in activation

A

costimulate T cells and T cell proliferation

27
Q

what is interleukin 1

A

a cytokine released by macrophages, and it costimulates helper T cells

28
Q

what does interleukin 1 do?

A
  1. release interleukin 2

2. synthesize more IL 2 receptors

29
Q

what does IL 2 do?

A
  • a key growth factor which sets up a positive feedback cycle that encourages activated T cells to divide
  • used to enhance the body defense against cancer
30
Q

what do perforin and lymphotoxin do?

A

cell toxins

31
Q

what do gamma interferons do

A

enhances the killing power of macrophages

32
Q

what do helper T cells do in proliferation and differentiation

A

regulatory cells that play a central role in the immune response

33
Q

what do T cells do after they recognize presented antigen and become activated?

A
  • stimulate proliferation of other T cells )critical for cell and antibody mediated immunity
  • stimulate the B cell to proliferate and differentiate (critical for antibody mediated immunity)
34
Q

what would happen if there were no Helper T cells

A

there would be no adaptive immune response

35
Q

what is immunological memory

A

the increased number of helper T cells which express the unique TCR that can recognize the specific foreign antigen provides a defense against future infection

36
Q

what happens upon a second exposure to the same specific antigen

A
  1. delay in recognition will be greatly reduced
  2. the magnitude of the response ( number of effector cells) will be greatly increased
    * result is that the specific pathogen is defeated before any symptoms emerge and memory cells are generated
37
Q

what so cytotoxic T cells express and bind to?

A

express CD8 and bind to MHC I molecules

38
Q

what are the only cells that have the ability to directly attack and kill the other cells of our body

A

cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do

A

circulate throughout the body in search of body cells that display the antigen to which they have been sensitized (immune surveillance)

40
Q

what are the target of cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • virus infected cells
  • cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites
  • cancer cells
  • foreign cells

Physio 202 Lecture (38 decks)

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