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Physio 202 Lecture > Lecture 12 Unit 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

refers to the alternating flow of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation due to

A

the actions of various respiratory muscles

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3
Q

what do inspiratory muscles do

A

expand the rib cage during inspiration and drive airflow into the lungs

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4
Q

what do expiratory muscles do

A

depress the rib cage and force air out of the lungs

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5
Q

what is the thoracic cage

A

the skeletal portion of the thorax

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6
Q

what is in the thoracic cage

A

ribs, coastal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum

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7
Q

what are respiratory mechanics

A

the study of how the respiratory muscles move the rib cage

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8
Q

what is the respiratory pump

A

refers to the respiratory muscles, rib cage, pleural membranes, and lung elastic tissues

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9
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

the primary inspiratory muscle

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10
Q

what do the external intercostal muscle do

A

move ribs upward and outward expanding the rib cage

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11
Q

what does the sternocleidomastoid do

A

elevates the sternum

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12
Q

what do the scalenes do

A

elevate the top two ribs

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13
Q

what are inspiratory muscles

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes
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14
Q

what are the expiratory muscles

A
  • internal intercostals

- abdominal muscles

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15
Q

what do internal intercostal muscles do

A

muscles pull ribs downward and inward reducing the diameter of the rib cage

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16
Q

what do the abdominal muscles do

A

depress the lower ribs and elevate the diaphragm by increasing abdominal pressure

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17
Q

what does breathing or ventilation depend on

A

periodic pressure changes in the lungs

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18
Q

when does inspiration/ inhalation occur?

A

when pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure in the atmopshere

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19
Q

when does expiration/ exhalation occur?

A

when pressure in the lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere

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20
Q

what do pressure changes in the lungs depend on

A

pleural membranes

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21
Q

what happens during inspiration

A

the parietal pleura is pulled outward and the visceral pleura and lungs move with it

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22
Q

what is Boyle’s gas law?

A

the pressure exerted by a gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume of the gas

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23
Q

during normal quiet inhalation what muscles contract?

A

the diaphragm and external intercostals

24
Q

during labored inhalation what muscles contract?

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor

25
Q

after inhalation what is the alveolar pressure?

A

758 mmHg

26
Q

after exhalation what is the alveolar pressure?

A

762 mmHg

27
Q

during normal quiet exhalation what muscles relax?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

28
Q

what happens during forceful exhalation?

A

abdominal and internal intercostal muscles contract

29
Q

what are 3 elastic properties of respiratory structures?

A
  1. lung tissue will always rapidly collapse inward
  2. chest walls ill always spring outward
  3. between breaths, the recoil forces are equal and the respiratory muscles are at rest
30
Q

what is the residual capacity?

A

the amount of air present in the lungs after exhalation

31
Q

what is trans pulmonary pressure

A

distending pressure exerted on the lungs

32
Q

how is trans pulmonary pressure calculated?

A

P(alv)-P(ip)

33
Q

what are the pressure changes that happen during inhalation?

A
  1. contraction of diaphragm enlarges the thoracic cavity
  2. parietal pleura is pulled outward, which pulls on the pleural fluid and enlarges the intrapleural space, lowing the intra pleural pressure
  3. lower Pip pulls the visceral pleura and lungs outward enlarging the volume of the lungs and decreasing the pressure inside
  4. air flows down the pressure gradient : atmosphere > lungs
34
Q

what are the pressure changes that happen during exhalation?

A
  1. as the diaphragm relaxes the Pip rises
  2. lower pip allows elastic tissues in each lung recoil inwards
  3. as lungs recoil they decrease in volume and compress the air inside raising alveolar pressure “above the atmospheric pressure”
  4. air flows down the pressure gradient lungs > atmosphere
35
Q

what is the total pressure during inhalation? at peak of a tidal breath? during exhalation?

A

Inhalation- 4 mmHg
exhalation- 6 mmHg
peak of a tidal breath- 6 mmHg

36
Q

what are the pressure changes that happen at rest?

A
  1. once the diaphragm is relaxed the recoil force of lung elastic tissues is equally opposed by the opposite recoil force of the thoracic cage
  2. the alveolar pressure is now equal to atmospheric pressure
  3. air does not move because there is no pressure gradient lungs atmosphere
37
Q

what happens in the period between breaths?

A
  1. chest wall recoils outwards
  2. elastic lung tissue recoils inwards
  3. P(alv) = atmospheric pressure
  4. P(ip) < atmospheric pressure
  5. P(tp) is still positive (healthy elastic lung tissue is always more distended than it would prefer to be)
38
Q

what do physiologists define the period between breaths as?

A

-end-expiratory lung volume or functional residual capacity (FRC)

39
Q

what is the end expiratory lung volume

A

~2 liters

40
Q

what is a spirogram

A

used to measure : vital capacity, residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, and total lung capacity

41
Q

what does FRC define?

A

volume that fresh air must mix with in order to increase lung oxygen stores and decrease lung carbon dioxide stores

42
Q

what is large FRC

A

labored breathing

43
Q

what is small FRC

A

large fluctuations in O2 and CO2

44
Q

in large FRC what is “obstr”

A

obstructive lung disease

45
Q

in small FRC what is “insp. restr.”

A

inspiratory restrictive lung disease

46
Q

in small FRC what is “expir. restr.”?

A

expiratory restrictive lung disease

47
Q

what is lung compliance

A

the ease at which the lungs can be infalted

48
Q

what is the formula for compliance

A

DV/DP

49
Q

what decreases compliance?

A

thickening or stiffening of lung tissue by disease such as asbestosis

50
Q

what increases compliance and raises FRC?

A

emphysema

51
Q

what does the body do with a tidal breath of 500 mL?

A
  • about 350 mL reaches alveoli to mix with alveoli air
  • 150 mL fills the upper respiratory system, larynx, trachea, and bronchi through which no gas exchange occurs called dead space
52
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

a measure of the rate of lung ventilation

53
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

a measure of the rate at which air actually ventilates the alveoli

54
Q

what is the formula for pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x breathing frequency

55
Q

what is the formula for alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal volume - dead space volume) x breathing frequency

Physio 202 Lecture (38 decks)

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