exam 3 phonology

Question 1

accent

Answer 1

stress applied to a syllable in a word

Question 2

aspiration

Answer 2

pertains to air escape [for example /p/ can be produced either with or without aspiration

Question 3

coarticulation

Answer 3

related, overlapping articulatory influences that occur as sounds are produced in connected speech

Question 4

contiguous

Answer 4

assimilation between phonemes adjacent to each other

Question 5

consonant cluster

Answer 5

2 or more contiguous/juxtaposed consonants in the same syllable ex: star

Question 6

dentalization

Answer 6

shift in place of consonant articulation from alveolar to dental due to presence of adjacent dental phoneme /θ/ /ð/

Question 7

diphthongs

Answer 7

consisting of 2 vowels produced consecutively in the same syllable by moving the articulators smoothly from the position of one to the other (3 “true” diphtongs)

Question 8

distinctive features

Answer 8

every consonant differs from every other consonant by at least one distinctive feature

• characteristics (acoustic & articulatory)
• binary (plus or minus)
• phoneme ( a bundle of features)

Question 9

elision

Answer 9

one or a few consonants or omitted due to coarticulation

Question 10

emphasis

Answer 10

stress applied to a word in phrase

Question 11

stress

Answer 11

pointing up or drawing special attention to speech unit

Question 12

SODA

Answer 12

Substitutions, Omissions, Distortions, Additions

Traditional classification for each sound error

Question 13

Homorganic

Answer 13

made in the same place or with the same articulator position

Question 14

intonation

Answer 14

pitch variation within a phrase

Question 15

open syllable

Answer 15

syllable ending in a vowel

Question 16

closed syllable

Answer 16

syllable ending in a consonant

Question 17

diacritics

Answer 17

specialized markings that indicate modifications/variations in productions/pronunciation

Question 18

graphemes

Answer 18

written or printed letters

Question 19

digraphs

Answer 19

two graphemes/alphabet letters yielding one phoneme

Question 20

juncture

Answer 20

transition point between words and phrases

Question 21

ligature

Answer 21

curved underlining to indicate phrasing

Question 22

morphemes

Answer 22

smallest meaningful unit (could be more than one sound) that carries semantic interpretation

Question 23

orthography

Answer 23

the spelling and written system of a language and its study

Question 24

phone

Answer 24

any sound that can be produced by the human track

Question 25

phoneme

Answer 25

part of a group/family of similar speech sounds that are PERCEIVED within a language as the SAME speech sounds vary from language to language

Question 26

allophone

Answer 26

one sound variants within a phoneme (family); does not change the meaning

Question 27

phonetics

Answer 27

pertains to speech sounds, including the scientific study & also the transcription of speech sound production (acoustic, physiological, experimental &clinical)

Question 28

phonology

Answer 28

sound SYSTEM and RULES of a language (developmental & clinical)

Question 29

metaphonology

Answer 29

reflecting on the sounds of a language

Question 30

obstruents

Answer 30

consonant with closure of vocal tract, stopping/ interfering with airflow: Stops, Fricatives, and Affricates. have Voiceless consonants & voiced cognates

Question 31

sonorants

Answer 31

consonant produced with voiced airflow include Liquids, Nasals, and Glides [and also Vowels]

Question 32

rate

Answer 32

the number of syllables or words per unit of time

Question 33

resonance

Answer 33

Resonance the quality and location where sounds are produced

Question 34

syllable

Answer 34

smallest unit of speech production, requires vowel diphthong or syllabic consonant

Question 35

syllabic consonant

Answer 35

consonant that serves the function as syllable nuclei ex: m, l, n

Question 36

speech rhythm

Answer 36

general term reffering to the combined aspects of accent, emphasis, phrasing, intonation and rate

Question 37

speech phrase

Answer 37

continuous utterance, bounded by silent intervals

Question 38

segmental

Answer 38

referring to phoneme level of speech

Question 39

suprasegmental

Answer 39

speech features over and above phoneme segments, especially aspects of speech rhythm

Question 40

independent analysis

Answer 40

compares child’s productions with adults

Question 41

relational analysis

Answer 41

based only on child’s productions (i.e., not compared with adult)