8. Constitutionalism: Dutch Republic and England

Question 1

2 government types in European nations

Answer 1

1. Constitutionalism - England, Dutch republic

2. Absolutism - France, Spain, Eastern Europe

Question 2

Political situation in the Dutch Republic-
how many provinces?
power?

Answer 2

• each 7 provinces independent
• no absolute power ruler
• power passed into hands of wealthy merchants

Question 3

Religious situation in Dutch Republic?

Resulted in?

Answer 3

• Calvinism dominant, but tolerated all religions

- helped created cosmopolitan society promoting commerce

Question 4

Leading financial center of Europe in 17th century

Answer 4

Dutch Republic’s Amsterdam

Question 5

What replaced Italians as the bankers of Europe?

Answer 5

Amsterdam Exchange Bank

Question 6

Dutch East Indies Company

Answer 6

displaced Portuguese in control of spice trade in East Indies

Question 7

Dutch golden age of artistic achievement
years?
major artists?

Answer 7

• 1600s

- Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Vermeer

Question 8

Characteristics of Dutch art

Answer 8

Unlike Baroque, focused on nation’s prosperous merchants

Question 9

Why did Dutch Republic decline

Answer 9

Costly wars with England and France

Question 10

Gentry

Answer 10

in England, the wealthy landowners who dominated House of Commons

Question 11

What was unusual about English gentry?

its consequences?

Answer 11

• were willing to pay taxes
• tax burden less excessive on the peasantry,
• demanded a role in determining national expenditures, creating conflict with Stuart kings

Question 12

by end of 17th century, largest religion in England?

Answer 12

Calvinists (Puritans), demanded changes in Anglican church

Question 13

issue between king vs. parliament in England

Answer 13

• Stuart kings wanted to be free of parliament and believed they had divine rights
• House of Commons demanded stronger voice in political affairs

Question 14

Church issues in English Anglican Church

Answer 14

Stuart kings vs. people (puritans)

Episcopal form vs. Presbyterian form of organization

Question 15

Episcopal form vs. Presbyterian form

Answer 15

Episcopal - only king and bishops determine doctrines of church
Presbyterian - allowed church members greater voice in running the church

Question 16

English rulers/power shift from 1603 - 1688

Answer 16

James I (1603-1625) –> Charles I (1625-1649) –> civil war –> Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658) –> Restoration under Charles II (1660-1685) –> James II (1685-1688)

Question 17

James I
beliefs?
work published?

Answer 17

• royal authority came directly from God

- “The True Law of Free Monarchies”

Question 18

James I vs. parliament

Answer 18

James didn’t listen to the Puritans of the Parliament who wanted to rid the Church of England of the bishops (“popish remnants”)

James I: “No bishops, no king”

Question 19

Petition of Right year? who? why?

Answer 19

• 1628
• Charles I
• In return for grants of money from parliament, he signed it that gave more right to the people and parliament

Question 20

What happened when William Laud attempted to impose the English Prayer Book on the Scottish Presbyterian Church?

Answer 20

Scots formed an army and occupied northern England determined to defend their religion.

Question 21

English Civil War
years?
fought between?

Answer 21

• 1642 ~ 1649

- Cavaliers vs. Roundheads

Question 22

Cavaliers

Answer 22

aristocrats, nobles, church officials who remained royal to king. favored monarchy and Anglican Church

Question 23

Roundheads

Answer 23

Puritans, middleclass businessmen favoring Parliament and Presbyterian church

Question 24

Who led the Roundheads to defeat Cavaliers?

what did he do? (2 things)

Answer 24

Oliver Cromwell

• organized New Model Army
• executed Charles I

Question 25

government system under Oliver Cromwell? | What did it do?

Answer 25

The Commonwealth | - abolished monarchy and the House of Lords. Thus, one-house Parliament had political power

Question 26

In 1653, what did Cromwell do?

Answer 26

took the title Lord Protector, establishing a one man rule supported by the army

Question 27

Cromwell's foreign policy against the Dutch

Answer 27

- Navigation Act of 1651: designed to give greater control over American colonies - series of wars that weakened Dutch

Question 28

What kind of society did Cromwell and puritans attempt to create?

Answer 28

strict moral code that censored the press, prohibited sports, and closed theaters

Question 29

What two radical groups did Cromwell oppose? | describe them

Answer 29

- Levellers: advocated universal manhood suffrage + written constitution for equal rights to all - Quakers: reject religious hierarchies and allow women to preach

Question 30

What happened when Cromwell died in 1658

Answer 30

His son Richard did not command the same respect, so Parliament invited Prince Charles Stuart, the eldest son of Charles I to return from exile

Question 31

what occurred during Charles II's reign?

Answer 31

Restoration

Question 32

What did the Parliament divide into? | Why?

Answer 32

- Tories and Whigs | - b/c of debate over James II

Question 33

Significance of Whigs and Tories

Answer 33

world's first political parties

Question 34

What did James II do

Answer 34

determined to return England to Catholicism

Question 35

What came after Restoration and James II?

Answer 35

Glorious Revolution

Question 36

What power shift happened in the Glorious Revolution?

Answer 36

overthrow of James II in favor of William of Orange and Mary(daughter of James II)

Question 37

Glorious Revolution = (document)

Answer 37

Bill of Rights 1689, placed clear limits to the power of English monarchy

Question 38

Glorious Revolution shaped England's government into:

Answer 38

constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy

Question 39

Thomas Hobbes wrote? influenced by? major beliefs?

Answer 39

- "Leviathan" - horrors of English Civil War - human beings innately brutish and need absolute political authority to be controlled

Question 40

John Locke published? | major beliefs?

Answer 40

- "Second Treatise of Government" | - unlike hobbes, humans are creatures of reason and goodwill, tabula rasa

Question 41

Locke's major theory

Answer 41

"natural rights"

Question 42

Hobbes vs Locke on the subject of government types

Answer 42

- Hobbes: strong government, absolute and unlimited - Locke: Limited government to safeguard people's natural rights. If rulers betray this trust, the governed have the right to replace them