Clinical Condition: Connective tissue, Embryology and Muscle

Question 1

scurvy is caused by

Answer 1

vitamin C deficiency

Question 2

vitamin c defieicny affects which fibres

Answer 2

collagen- collagen fibrils cannot aggregate into fibres duo to kind within the chain

Question 3

scurvy leads to

Answer 3

• gum disease
• bruising
• bleeding
• poor wound healing
• impaired bone formation

Question 4

marfan’s syndrome caused by

Answer 4

• Autosomal dominant

- Expression of Fibrillin 1 gene affected

Question 5

which tissue is affected in Marfan’s

Answer 5

elastic tissue is abnormal

Question 6

marfan’s leads to

Answer 6

• abnormally tall
• arachnodactyly
• frequent joint dislocation
• risk of aortic rupture

Question 7

aortic rupture and marfans

Answer 7

aorta has to withstand huge pressure created by the left ventricle contracting
- without enough elastin the tissue will not stretch and recoil and may rupture

Question 8

give two implantation defects

Answer 8

1. ectopic pregnancy

2. placenta praevia

Question 9

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 9

implantation at site other than uterine body

• can be peritoneal or ovarian
• life threatening emergency

Question 10

placenta praevia

Answer 10

implantation in lower uterine segment

• can cause haemorrhage
• requires c-section delivery

Question 11

myasthenia gravis

Answer 11

chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease

Question 12

pathology of myasthenia gravis

Answer 12

antibodies bind to Ach receptors blocking them

Question 13

myasthenia gravis leads to

Answer 13

• reduced NMJ transmission
• muscle weakness
• drooping of one or both eyelids
• blurred vision
• difficulty swallowing
• shortness of breath
• impaired speech
• weekness in arms, hands, fingers, legs and neck

Question 14

drooping of eyelids

Answer 14

ptosis

Question 15

impaired speech

Answer 15

dysarthria

Question 16

what causes botulism

Answer 16

a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum

Question 17

most common botulism

Answer 17

Infant botulism

- honey consumption within first year of life

Question 18

botulism pathology

Answer 18

toxin block NT release at the motor end plate (NMJ)

Question 19

botulism leads to

Answer 19

flaccid paralysis

- begins with: weakness, blurred vision, tiredness and trouble speaking

Question 20

botulism injections ar eisend clinically to

Answer 20

treat 1) muscle spasms

2) botox injections

Question 21

compartment syndrome caused by

Answer 21

trauma (limbs divided into compartments delineated by fascia) - pressure within muscles builds up to dangerous levels

Question 22

compartment syndrome leads to

Answer 22

Internal bleeding which exerts pressure on blood vessels and nerves leading to ischaemia and pain

can cause parasthesia

Question 23

parasthesia

Answer 23

pins and needles

Question 24

compartment syndrome treated by

Answer 24

fasciotomy

Question 25

Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by

Answer 25

inherited X-linked recessive disease

- mutation in Dystrophin and therefore loss of dystrophin

Question 26

dystrophin usually

Answer 26

stabilises sarcolemma

Question 27

duchennes leads to

Answer 27

1) excess calcium to enter muscle cells
2) water is taken up with calcium
3) cell burst

Question 28

symptoms of duchennes

Answer 28

• weakened muscles (belly sticks out)
• muscle cells replaced by fat (adipose tissue)
• knees bending
• poor balance

Question 29

malignant hyperthermia

Answer 29

severe reaction to medication used during general anaesthesia

Question 30

cause of malignant hyperthermia

Answer 30

medicine used induces release of stored Ca2+ ions within muscle cells which leads to continuous muscle contraction

Question 31

continuous muscle contraction leads to

Answer 31

excessive heat and leads to metabolic acidosis

Question 32

symptoms of malignant hyperthermia

Answer 32

muscle rigidity, high fever and tachycardia