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Body logistics > Lecture 12- Connective tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 12- Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of connective tissue

A

tissue that :

  • connects
  • supports
  • binds
  • separates

other tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibres

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2
Q

how many types of connective tissue

A

6

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3
Q

name the 6 types of connective tissue

A

1) loose connective tissue (areolar)
2) Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
3) Adipose tissue
4) Cartilage
5) Bone
6) Blood

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4
Q

connective tissue made up of 3 componenets

A

cells

fibres

ground substance

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5
Q

fibre

A

collagen, elastin, reticular fibres

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6
Q

extracellular matrix =

A

ground susbtance nad fibres

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7
Q

ground substance made up of

A

consists of large molecules called glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs) which link together to form even larger molecules called proteoglycans.

  • gel-like substancein the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin
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8
Q

texture of ground susbtance

A

Viscous clear substance with slippery feel (high water content)

  • GAGs attract water to forma. hydrated gel
  • GAGs eprmit rapid diffusion but also resists compression
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9
Q

function of connective tissue

A

Function:

Binds and supports visceral organs in place (holds skin, gut lungs together etc)

Protecting- shock absorber

Insulating (fat underlying skin)

Storing reserve fuel and cells (bone marrow and fat tissue)

Transporting substances within the body (blood and interstitial)

Separation of tissues(fascia and tendons/cartilage)

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10
Q

Interstitial

A

space between tissues and organs of the body

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11
Q

where is loose connective tissue (areolar) found

A

beneath epithelia to facilitate diffusion

e. g. Lamina propria beneath mucosal membranes
e. g. located around small blood vessels

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12
Q

loose connective tissue is the

A

least speciliased connective tissue

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13
Q

loose connective tissue function

A

Holds vessels that supply fluids e.g. capillaries

Permits cell migration

Involved in inflammation pathways

Located in sites where pathogens may breach epithelial surface

Allows challenge and destruction by cells of the immune system

Acts as packaging around organs

Generally holds everything in place

Cushions and stabilises organs

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14
Q

structure of loose connective tissue

A

Contains multiple cell types

Contains 2 main fibres

  • Collagen
  • Elastin

Gel- like Ground substance

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

fibres in loose connective tissue

A

Collagen- Flexible with high tensile strength

Elastin- Stretch and recoil

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17
Q

name the cells found in loose connective tissue

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Maxcrophage/ histocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Adipocytes
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18
Q

fibroblastsw

A

secrete fibres that lie within ground susbtance (ECM)

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19
Q

fibroblasts important for

A

Important in wound healing process

Responsible for scar formation

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20
Q

myofibroblasts

A

are fibroblasts that contain actin and myosin

Responsible for wound contraction when tissue loss has occurred

Have a lot of RER- to make collagen fibres

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21
Q

Macrophages are derived from

A

monocytes in the blood

  • move throguh the gela nd find bacteria
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22
Q

what do amcrophages do

A

Phagocytose foreign material

Degrade foreign organisms and cell debris

Professional antigen presenting cells

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23
Q

mast cells are a type of

A

histocyte

  • Contain abundant granules
    • Histamine- increase blood vessel permeability
    • Heparin- anticoagulant
    • Cytokines- attracts eosinophils and neutrophils
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24
Q

mast cells ebcome coated with

A

IgE- bidn to allergens

  • When allergen cross links these surface bound IgE molecule, the contents of the granules are all rapidly released front the cell
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25
Q

adipoctes are

A

fat cells

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26
Q

types of adipocytes

A

white and brown

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27
Q

structure of white adipocytes

A
  • unilocular- single neromous lipid droplet
  • nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles all squeezed to one side of the cells
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28
Q

unilocular

A

one single enromous lipid droplet

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29
Q

function of white adipose tissue

A

padding and shock absorber

insulation

energy reserve

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30
Q
A
31
Q

brown fat tissue structure

A
  • Multilocular- mutliple small lipids droplets
  • nucleus and cytoplasm sques to the centre of the cell
  • lots of mitochdonria
    *
32
Q

brown adipose mostly found in…… only a little in….

A
  • Neonates
  • adults
33
Q

function of brown fat

A

provides insulationa nd energy reserve to neonates

  • contains uncoupling proteins UCP
  • reduces the proton gradient created int eh mitochiodnria
  • less energy released as ATP
  • more released as heat energy
34
Q
A
35
Q

give a name of a GAG found in ground susbtance

A

hyaluronic acid

36
Q

collagen

A

flexible with high tensile strength

Looks thicker than elastin on photo

37
Q

elastin

A

recoil after stretch or distnesion

38
Q

reticulin

A

(absent in areolar tissue)- supporting framework

39
Q

how many types of collagen

A

5

40
Q
A
41
Q

type 1 collagen

A
  • most widley distributed type
  • fibrils aggrgeate into fibres and fibre bundles
  • e.g. tendons, ligaments and dermis
42
Q

type II collagen

A
  • Fibrils do not form fibres
  • E.g hyalien and elastic cartilage
43
Q

type III collagen also known as reticular

A
  • fibrils form fibres around muscle and nerve cells and within lympathic tissues and lympahtic organs and tendons
44
Q

Type IV collagen

A

unique form present in basement membrane (considered part of epithelial tissue)

45
Q

type V collagen

A

skin and placenta

46
Q

elastic fibres

A

elastin and fibrillin

47
Q

two types of dense (fibrous) connective tissue

A

irregular

regular

48
Q

Dense irregular conenctive tissue

A

Collagen 1 fibres in all directions- resists stresses in all directions

e. g. skin can resists forces in multiple direction to rpevent tearing
- elastic fibres allow streatch and restoration of shape

49
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

-

A

Collagen 1 fibres are parallel – resists stress in one direction

50
Q

comparision of irregular and regular dense connective tissue

A
51
Q

examples of irregular dense

A

deep laye rof the dermis

submucosa of intestine

52
Q

examples of regular dense CT

A

tendons

ligaments

aponeuroses

53
Q

tendons

A

fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension

54
Q

what sort fo junction joins muscles to bone

A

myotendinous junction

Skeletal muscle fibres connecting with tendon collagen bundles

Provides tremendous physiological strength- cross links between

55
Q

tendon structure

  • 30% collagen
  • 2% elastin
  • 68% water
A
  • dense (fibrous) regular CT

-

56
Q

whioch collagens found in tendons

A

70% type 1

30% type 2

57
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

58
Q

ligaments structure

A

Similar to tendons

Collagen bundles are densely packed in parallel arrangement

Parallel collagen fibres

Not straight, but undulate

Wrapped in loose connective tissue- fascicles

59
Q

fascia

A

is a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs

60
Q

3 types of fascia

A

1) superfical
2) deep
3) visceral

61
Q

structure of fascia

A

Made up of fibrous connective tissue , like ligaments and tendons, containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibres oriented in a wavy pattern parallel to direction of pull.

Flexible

Resist great unidirectional tension

Collagen fibres produced by fibroblasts located within the fascia

62
Q

production of fibrils

A
  1. Fibroblasts secrete procollagen that is converted to collagen molecules outside the cell
  2. Collagen molecules aggregate to form collagen fibril
  3. Vitamin C is required for the intracellular production of procollagen
  4. Hydroxylates proline and lysine
  5. Without Vit C- collagen formation is disrupted
63
Q

when is elastin laid down

A

During fetal development: not replaced in the adult

Main cause of damage of elastin: UV and smoking

E.g. smoking damages lung tissue

  • Decreases elasticity of the alveoli
64
Q

what create eleastins

A

smooth muscle cells

65
Q

exampels of where eleastin fibres are prominant

A
  • Artery walls
  • aortic walls
  • tunica media of the aorta
  • demris
66
Q

name 3 clinical correlates for CT

A
  1. scurvy
  2. marfans
  3. osteogensis imperfecta
67
Q
A
68
Q

scurvy

A

Thin collagen fibres aggregate to form thicker collagen fibres

Vitamin C deficiency

Poor wound healing

Impaired bone formation

Gum disease

Bruising of the skin

Bleeding

69
Q

in Marfans which dibril is affection

A

-Expression of fibrillin 1 gene affected- such as elastin tissue is abnormal

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT

70
Q

Signs of Marfans

A

Abnormally tall

Exhibit arachnodactlyl- slender and long fingers

Frequent join dislocation

Span longer than height

Risk of aortic rupture

71
Q

osteogneeiss imperfecta due to

A

mutated collagen fibres which do not ‘knit together’ or not enough is produced or both

72
Q

osteognesisi imperfecta

A

Autosomal dominant

Mild to severe

Due to mutated collagen fibres which do not ‘knit together’ or not enough is produced or both

73
Q

Signs of osteogensis imperfecta

A

Weakened bones

Short stature

Presence of blue sclera (in the eye)

Hearing loss

Hyper mobility (loose joins) and flat or arched feet

Poor teeth development

Body logistics (39 decks)

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