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Body logistics > Lecture 3- Mucosal membranes > Flashcards

Lecture 3- Mucosal membranes Flashcards

1
Q

mucosal memerbanes line

A

most hollow internal organs of the body

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2
Q

mucosal membranes are continues with skin at openings e.g.

A 
lips
vagina
anus
ears
nose
mouth
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3
Q

mucus membranes secrete mucus which contains

A
  • mucins (proteins)
  • electrolyte
  • antiseptic enzymes (lysozyme)
  • immunoglobulins
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4
Q

mucus membranes function

A
  1. Stops pathogens and dirt from entering the body
  2. Prevent bodily tissues from becoming dehydrated
  3. Lubricate surface
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5
Q

examples of systems with mucosal membranes

A
  1. GI tract
  2. Urinary tract
  3. Respiratory tract.
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6
Q

simple structure of mucosal membrane

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
    + muscular mucosa (ELM)
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7
Q

basement membrane

A
  • thin acellular layer where epithelial cells are anchored
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8
Q

function of the mucosa

A

1) absorb substances from the lumen (microvilli)
2) Prevent ingress of pathogens
3) move content and expel waste (peristaltic action)

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9
Q

layers of theGI tract

A

1) Mucosa (ELM)
2) Submucosa
3) Musculares externa (inner circular and outer longitudinal)
4) serosa

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10
Q

mucosa

A

epithelial cells
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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11
Q

mucosa in gI of

A

o Epithelial cell lining and supporting mesenchymal layer

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12
Q

muscularis mucosae in the GI

A

o A thin discontinuous smooth muscle layer

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13
Q

Submucosa

A

a connective tissue layer that contains artery sand veins

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14
Q

muscularis externa in the GI

A

o A smooth muscle layer that has muscle fibres going in different directions
 An inner circular muscle
 Outer longitudinal

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15
Q

the serosa of the GI

A

o Another connective tissue layer

 Contains collagen and elastin fibres with some smaller arteries and veins and some nerve fibre

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16
Q

in the stomach the surface are is increased by invagination called

A

gastric glands

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17
Q

no villi in

A

l. intestinal

- has intestinal crypts

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18
Q

order of GI tract

A

1) Mouth
2) Oesophagus
3) Stomach
4) Liver
5) Gallbladder
6) Pancreas
7) Small intestine
a. Duedenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
8) Large intestine
a. Cecum
b. Ascending colon
c. Transverse colon
d. Descending colon
e. Sigmoid colon
f. Rectum
g. Anal canal

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19
Q

oesophageal structure-function relationship

A
  1. Epithelium- stratified squamous non-keratinised (withstands abrasion)
  2. Submucosa- layer of connective tissue containing mucus-secreting glands
  3. Muscularis externa- smooth muscle layers
    - Inner- circular
    - Outer- longitudinal
    o Moves bolus of food by peristalsis
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20
Q

stomach layers

A 
M= gastric mucosa secretes acid, digestive enzymes and hormone gastrin (epithelium)
MM= muscularis mucosae 
SM= submucosa (connective tissue)
ME= Musucalaris externa (3 layers of s.muscle in stomach- oblique, circular, longitudinal)
R= Rugae folds of gastric mucosa forming longitudinal ridges in empty stomach
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21
Q

jejunum layers

A

M= Jejunal mucosa (simple columnar epithelium (absorbtion) and lamina propria)
MM= Muscularis mucosae
SM= Submucosa (connective)
ME= muscularis externa (2 layers)
Pilcae circulares= circular folds of mucosa and submucosa projecting into gut lumen

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22
Q

colon

A

The muscularis mucosae is indistinct at this magnification

  • Simple columnar epithelium of the crypts produces mucus and supplies cells to the surface
  • Surface epithelial cells absorb water and electrolytes
23
Q

function of the mucosa in the urinary tract

A
  1. To absorption of essential nutrients in the kidney
  2. Prevent entry of pathogens
  3. Removal of waste products e.g. urea
24
Q

structural unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

25
Q

cells which line the corpuscle

A

squamous epithelium

26
Q

lining of the collecting duct is

A

cuboidal epithelium

27
Q

proximal contains

A

ciliated surfaces (movement)

28
Q

basal lamina in the kidney

A

around each tubule

29
Q

where does the muscle layer first appear in the urinary system

A

the ureter and bladder

30
Q

cells in the bladder

A 
transitional epithelium (can contract and relax)
- urothelium
31
Q

what acts as a shock absorber in an expanding bladder

A

fat

32
Q

rounded transitional cells

A

relaxed state

33
Q

flattened transitional cells

A

distended state

34
Q

function of mucosal layer in the urinary tract

A
  • Epithelial cells produce mucus
  • Protects bladder from damage by acidic urine
  • Tight junctions prevent leakage to inner cell layers
35
Q

urethra structura

A

Structure similar to bladder (except epithelial cells change from transitional epithelium to squamous and then keratinised squamous epithelium).
 Large number of mucous glands present
( produce sticky mucus to prevent ingress of pathogens)

36
Q

order of the respiratory tract

A 
o	Nasal cavity
o	Nasopharynx
o	Oropharynx
o	Larynx
o	Trachea
o	Bronchi
o	Bronchioles
o	Respiratory bronchioles
o	Alveoli
	Alveolar sacs and ducts
o	Diaphragm
37
Q

respiratory tract is divided into two part

A

conducting protion

respiratory protion

38
Q

conduction portion

A

nasal cavity to bronchioles

39
Q

respiratory portion

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli (gas exchange)

40
Q

how long and wide is a trachea

A

10cm: 2.5cm

41
Q

trachea divides into

A

two primary bronchi at the mid thorax

42
Q

how does the structure of the primary bronchi differ to that of the trachea

A

cartilage rings and spiral muscles completely encircle the lumen

(in the trachea its a horseshoe shape)

43
Q

layers of the trachea

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • C-shape hyaline cartilage
44
Q

mucosa in the trachea

A

o Epithelial layer is several cells deep and covered in cilia (moves debris, dust, bacteria etc towards the mouth)

45
Q

submucosa in the trachea

A

o Connective tissue layer contains mainly collagen and elastin fibres and many fibroblasts
 Contains seromucous glands- produce water mucus that thickens during infection

46
Q

C-shaped Hyaline cartilage in the trachea can be palpated externally and is made of two layers

A

o Perichondrium- fibroblasts that lay down collagen fibres
o Chrondrogenic layer- from which cartilage is formed
 Cells present can interconvert from chrondroblasts to chondrocytes- so can make both hyaline and elastic cartilage

47
Q

the trachea has no

A

outer layer of smooth muscle

48
Q

Secretions from the epithelium and submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchi contain:

A
  • Mucins and water- sticky mucous
  • Serum proteins- lubricates
  • Lysozyme- destroy bacteria
  • Anti-proteases- inactivate bacterial enzymes
49
Q

Mucocilliary escalator’

A

Together with a ‘cilia wave’ mucus moves material to the oral cavity where the material can be swallowed
- - Cilia beat at 12Hz

50
Q

secondary and tertiary bronchi histology

A

histology similar to primary bronchi EXCEPT cartilage no longer in full circle of rings

51
Q

layers of secondary and tertiary bronchi

A
  • Epithelium (E) – pseudostratified and ciliated
  • Bound by smooth muscle (M)
  • Supported by seromucous glands in the submucosa
  • Airways kept open with crescent shaped cartilage
  • NO OUTER LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
52
Q

alveolus capillaries

A

lined with endothelium

- fused to basal lamina with even thinner epithelial cells of the alveoli (optimum gas exchange)

53
Q

folds of the basal lamina in the alveolus

A

allow for expansion of the air sacs when air is drawn into the lungs

54
Q

collagen and elastic in alveoli allow

A

recoil to empty sacs when exhaling

Body logistics (39 decks)

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